CHAPTER V. 
Branch V. — Vermes (Worms). 
General Characters of Worms. — In order to obtain 
an idea of worms in general the student may dig up in the 
garden or fields a common earth-worm, and then place it on 
the table or desk in a flat dish and watch its movements 
^' iG. 49. — Transverse section through the body of the earth-worm (Luvibr icus ter- 
restris), near the middle of the intestine- a, cuticle; b, hypodermis; c, circu- 
lar layer of muscles; d, layer of longitudinal muscles; e, dorsal band; /, ven- 
tral band; g, lateral bands; /i, typhlosole; cavity of intestine; j, epithelium 
of intestine; fc, layer of circular- muscular fibres around intestine; I, layer of 
longitudinal muscular fibres around intestine ; m, green layer on outer sur- 
face of intestine; n, heart; o, liver; ng, nervous ganglion After Claparede. 
and appearance. The body will be seen to be formed of 
numerous joints or segments; these are due to infold- 
ings of the muscular skin at regular intervals. Though 
both ends of the long, slender, cylindrical body ar^ much 
