312 
ZOOLOGY. 
ing out, as we have to do in a purely zoological classifica- 
tion, the intellectual and moral faculties of man, to adopt 
the view that man is the representative of a group of 
Primates.* The absolute differences of man from the apes 
consist in the greater number and irregularity of the con- 
volutions of the cerebral hemispheres, which are also much 
larger compared with the cerebellum, and completely cover 
the latter; the entire brain being at least double the size 
proportionately of that of the gorilla; f it is also stated 
that two muscles exist in man which have not yet been 
found in any ape, the extensor primi internodii pollicis and 
the peroncBus tertiuSy belonging to the thumb and foot re- 
spectively (Huxley). J There are also points in the origin 
of certain muscles which are peculiar to man, but Huxley 
adds that all the apparently distinctive peculiarities of the 
muscles of the apes are to be met with, occasionally, as 
varieties in man. On the other hand, the relative differ- 
ences of the skulls of the gorilla and man are, as Huxley 
states, immense/' In man the cranial box overhangs the 
* Geoffrey Si. Hilaire placed man in a kingdom b}'' himself; Owen 
assigned him to a sub class ; by others he is generally regarded as a 
representative of an order Bimana, as opposed to the order Quadru- 
mana, or monkeys and apes ; while from recent comparative studies 
man is considered as belonging either to a separate sub-order or a 
family. 
t *' It must not be overlooked, however, that there is a very strik- 
ing difference in absolute mass and weight between the lowest human 
brain and that of the highest ape— a difference which is all the more 
remarkable when we recollect that a full-grown gorilla is probably 
pretty nearly twice as heavy as a Bosjesman, or as many an European 
woman. It may be doubted whether a healthy human brain ever 
weighed less than thirty one or two ounces, or that the heaviest 
gorilla-brain has exceeded twenty ounces." In another place Huxley 
states that * * an average European child of four years old has a brain 
twice as large as that of an adult gorilla." — Man*s Place in Nature. 
X Dr. Chapman has found in the arm of a gorilla a distinct extensor 
primiiniernodii pollicis muscle, but no trace of the flexoi' longics polli- 
cis, — American Naturalist, June, 1879, p. 895. 
