314 
ZOOLOGY, 
and even in individuals of the same race of mankind. This 
is seen in the difference of the facial angle. This is ob- 
tained by drawing a line from the occipital condyle along 
the floor of thu nostrils, and intersecting it by a second, 
touching the most prominent parts of the forehead and 
upper jaw; the angle they make is an index of the cranial 
capacity, and of the degree of intelligence of the individual. 
The facial angle in the reptiles is very slight, as it is in the 
birds; in the dog it is 20°, in the gorilla 40°, in the Austra- 
lian 85°, in the civilized Caucasian it averages 95°, while 
the Greek sculptors a'lo[)ted an ideal angle of 100° (Owen*). 
When the lower part of the face protrudes, as in the negro^ 
the face is said to be prognathous (Fig. 334); where the 
facial angle is high, and the face straight, as in the more 
intellectual forms, the cranium is said to be ortliognatlious. 
Those skulls which are high and narrow, i.e., with the 
longer diameter to the shorter as 100 to 65, are said to be 
dolichocephalic, while those with the diameters as 100 to 85 
are called hr achy cephalic, bat these distinctions have been 
found to be quite arbitrary. 
The classification of the human races is in as unsatis- 
factory a state as that of the domestic animals. Naturalists 
are now agreed that there is but one species of man. Blu- 
menbach, from the shape of the skull and the color of the 
skin, divided mankind into three varieties, the white or 
Caucasian, the brown or Mongolian, and the black or Ethi- 
opian, considering the "American variety as connecting the 
Caucasian and Mongolian, and the Malayan as intermedi- 
ate between the Caucasian and Ethiopian. Hamilton 
Smith divided man into three varieties, Caucasian, Mon- 
golian, and Tropical; Latham, also, into three, Japetidae, 
* Pagenstecher states that the facial angle in the Caucasian Euro- 
pean is 80°-85°, and even over 90°; in the Mongolians 75°-80°; in 
negroes 70°-75'; in the tribe of Makoias in South Africa 64^ in the 
tribe of Tikki-Tikki, or Akka negroes, the dwarfs described by 
Schweinfurth, only Q0\—AUgemei7ie Zoologie, i., p. 250. 
