INTEODUCTION. 
vii 
I must express my grateful acknowledgments to those gentlemen Avho have 
assisted me in acquiring the necessary information for this volume — to H. T. 
Stainton, Esq., to Mr. C. G. Barrett, and others in this country, to Prof. P. C. 
Zeller, of Stettin, and especially to Prof. Fernald, of Maine State College, and to 
Mr. Cresson and others of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, for enabling 
me to become acquainted with many of the species described by American, as well 
as European, authors whose types I have had no opportunity of examining. 
I hope that all adequate precaution has been taken against mere additions to 
synonymy, which in this group of insects is already so extensive ; but I can scarcely 
expect to have entirely avoided the error of redescription in a family of Lepidoptera 
peculiarly difficult to render recognizable even by coloured figures, and equally 
difficult to recognize from mere descriptions. Many Californian species approach 
very closely to well-known European forms, but seem to have some constant, 
although slight, distinguishing peculiarities. I have not knowingly ventured to 
describe any such as new, except where I have been able carefully to compare a 
considerable series of specimens, as in the case of Penthina vetulana, PentMna 
consanguhiana, Pcedisca hirsutana, Pcedisca illotana, Bhyacionia juncticiliana, and 
others. I have in all cases stated the number of specimens now in the British 
Museum collection only, without reference to those available for comparison in my 
own collection. 
To facilitate the study of the North-American Tortricidm represented in the 
collection of the British Museum, I have given after each" genus a list of such of 
Mr. Walker's species as were placed in that genus by him, but which, for various 
reasons, have not now retained this position in the catalogue of types. 
In these lists reference is made to such synonyms only as are entitled to take 
precedence of the names given by Mr. Walker. For these I am indebted partly to 
Messrs. Grote and Robinson (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1868, ii. pp. 83, 84), partly to 
information received from Prof. Fernald, whose observations on W^alker's types will 
probably appear before this volume is printed, and partly to my own observation 
and comparison of Walker's specimens, by which means I have in all cases carefully 
verified the synonymy. 
I have ventured to add a list of all the European species which up to 
the present time have been observed in North America, together with such as I 
