— i8 — 
about 4 scho (7,2 litres) oil; it was then tightly closed with a wooden cover 
(4 lun thick) which was provided with a cap, and the laiter connected with 
the spiral tube. The stove was now fired, and the oil passed over into the 
cap and was drawn off by the spiral tube in various receptacles. In this 
manner 8 fractions were obtained, which were submitted to the cold of the 
night, as before. Of the 8 fractions, the 3rd to the 6th congealed, whilst 
No. I, 2, 7 and 8 (of a blue colour) did not solidify. The camphor, which 
had crystallised out in the four receptacles, was filtered off through a cloth. 
From I koku (about 40 gallons) camphor oil, the yield was about 60 kiu 
(about 78 lbs.) pure camphor. 
Of this residue of the oil, which had a pale blue colour, I recovered in 
this manner about 5 to and 5 scho (about 20 gallons). I expected by careful 
fractionating to obtain from this oil a further 30 — 40 kiu (39 to 52 lbs.), but 
notwithstanding all trouble, my expectations could not be realised. 
In this manner I continued to work until October 1880. At that time 
I initiated interested parties from the vicinity in my process. The increased 
production caused a fall m the price; the distillation from the smaller kettles 
became irrational, and I therefore constructed in May of the following year 
a kettle of 2 to and 5 scho (about 40 litres) capacity, distilled from it 2 to 
(35 litres) oil, and divided the distillate into 10 fractions. The first and last 
4 fractions yielded no congealing product, but fractions 3 — 8, i. e. 6 receptacles, 
solidified completely. In February 1882 I calculated the yield from i koku 
(about 40 gallons) oil at more than 90 kiu (= 117 lbs.). 
The white portion of the residue of the oil was in great demand in the 
provinces on account of the similarity to coal oil. As there was no demand 
for the blue-coloured portion, endeavours were made to find a use for it, and 
it was found to be suitable as an insecticide for the trees during summer. 
As in January 1883, on account of the great heat, it was feared that fires 
might occur, I had a partition constructed between the stove and the kettle. 
In December of the same year a modification was made, by which the 
six kettles, which had hitherto been working for 24 hours, were increased to 
ten. In this way the time required for working up one koku oil, up to then 
5 days, was reduced to 3 days. The oils passing over were collected in 
4 fractions, of which the first was called "white oil", the second "congealing 
product", the third "limit oil", and the fourth "final oil". 
The yield from i koku (40 gallons) camphor oil was now 120 kiu (156 lbs.), 
but this yield varied according 10 the character of the camphor oil. 
The residue of the oil (the mixture of blue and white oils) now called 
^'red oil", has now also become an article of export. The efforts made from 
1876 up to the present day have finally been crowned with success. With 
the rise in the prices the production of oil increased; in my province (Tossa) 
the sales from the plantation-district amount to 1000 koku (about 40 000 gallons) 
annually, from which the yield is about 1 1 000 kiu (14300 lbs.) of congealing 
product, and more than 400 kiu (520 lbs.) residue (red oil). 
The following table shows the increase from 1878 to the present day in 
the proportion of camphor obtained from crude camphor oil: 
1876 1878 1882 1883 present day 
6,47, 19,27, 28,87, 38,47o 5o-537o- 
White Camphor oil. 
White camphor oil is obtained from the crude camphor oil by 
fractional distillation, after separation of the camphor; it represents 
a colourless-transparent, mobile essential oil, whose odour, like that of 
