212 
PLORA AND SVLVA 
Range. 
Increase. 
The price of mature wood of the best 
quaUty forbids its use except by the 
wealthy. 
The Black Walnut has a wide 
range, being common as far 
north as Ontario, west to Kansas, and 
throughout the southern States. In the 
rich bottom lands of Tennessee and 
Arkansas it attains its noblest propor- 
tions, and in these States it was once 
not unusual to find groves of the Black 
Walnut from loo to 150 feet high, 
with trunks of 3 to 7 feet in diameter. 
When planted for timber 
it is usual to sow the seed 
where the young trees are to remain, 
and about 5 feet apart each way. If 
grown for nuts the distance should be 
increased to 15 or 20 feet, thinning 
subsequently to about 30 feet apart. 
Such close planting as is advised in the 
bulletins of the States Departments is 
intended to secure tall, slender trees, 
carrying their branches high. Left to 
itself the habit of the Black Walnut is 
to branch so low down as to spoil its 
bole for timber. The nuts are mostly 
planted late in the fall but may be carried 
over until early spring if kept moist in 
a damp place. They often keep well 
in a box on the north side of a building, 
covered with soil to hold the moisture. 
The seedlings carry a long tap-root, 
and if raised for transplanting these 
should be cut about 8 inches below the 
surface when the plant is a year old ; 
in this way fibrous roots may be in- 
duced which permit of transplanting 
without serious loss. 
DANSKE DANDRIDGE. 
Shepherdstown, W. Virginia. 
The following technical description 
of the Black Walnut is from Sargent's 
" Manual of the Trees of North Amer- 
p. 128. 
ica 
" Leaves i°-2° long, with pubescent petioles, and 15-23 
j ovate-lanceolate leaflets 3'-32' long, I'-i^ wide, often un- 
j equal at the base, long-pointed, sharply serrate except at 
the more or less rounded unequal base, thin, bright yel- 
low-green, lustrous and glabrous above, soft-pubescent 
below, especially along the slender midribs and primary 
veins, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn before 
falling. Flowers : staminate in stout puberulous aments 
3-5' long, rotund, 6-lobed, with nearly orbicular lobes 
concave and pubescent on the outer surface, their bracts 
^ long, nearly triangular, coated with rusty brown or 
l^ale tomentum ; stamens 20-30, arranged in many series, 
with nearly sessile purple and truncate connectives ; 
pistillate in 2-5-flo\vered spikes, ovate, gradually narrowed 
at the apex, ^ long, their bracts and bractlets coated 
below with pale glandular hairs and green and puberulous 
above, sometimes irregularly cut into a laciniate border, 
or reduced to an obscure ring just below the apex of the 
ovary ; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, light green, puberulous 
on the outer, glabrous or pilose on the inner surface ; 
stigmas yellow-green, tinged on the margins with red, 
y-f long. Fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, oblong or 
slightly pyriform, light yellow-green, roughened by clus- 
ters of short pale articulate hairs, 1^-2' in diameter ; nut 
oval or oblong, slightly flattened, in diameter, dark 
brown tinged with red, deeply divided on the outer 
surface into thin or thick often interrupted irregular 
ridges, 4-celled at the base and slightly 2-celled at the 
apex ; seed sweet, soon becoming rancid. 
"A tree, frequently 100° and occasionally 150° high, 
with a straight trunk often clear of branches for 5o°-6o° 
and 4°-6"' in diameter, thick limbs spreading gradually 
and forming a comparatively narrow shapely round- 
topped head of mostly upright rigid branches, and stout 
branchlets covered at first with pale or rusty matted 
hairs, dull orange-brown and pilose or puberulous during 
their first winter, marked with raised conspicuous orange- 
coloured lenticels and elevated pale leaf-scars, gradually 
growing darker and ultimately light brown. Winter- 
buds : terminal ovate, slightly flattened, obliquely rounded 
at the apex, coated with pale silky tomentum, ^ long, 
with usually 4 obscurely pinnate scales ; axillary ^' long, 
tomentose, their outer scales opening at the apex during 
the winter. Bark of young stems and branches light 
brown and covered with thin scales, becoming on old 
trees 2'-3' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and 
deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the 
surface into thick appressed scales. Vi/ood heavy, hard, 
strong, rather coarse-grained, very durable, rich dark 
brown, with thin lighter coloured sapwood of 10-20 layers 
of annual growth ; largely used in cabinetmaking, the 
interior finish of houses, gun-stocks, and shipbuilding. 
" Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides, 
western Massachusetts to southern Ontario, southern 
Michigan and Minnesota, central and northern Nebraska, 
eastern Kansas, and southward to western Florida, 
central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the 
San Antonio River, Texas ; most abundant in the region 
west of the Alleghany Mountains, and of its largest size 
on the western slopes of the high mountains of North 
Carolina and Tennessee, and on the fertile river bottom- 
lands of southern Illinois and Indiana, south-western 
Arkansas, and the Indian Territory; largely destroyed 
for its valuable timber, and now rare." 
