KAFFRARIAN CATTLE. 
217 
and by boring a hole, when young, through the 
cartilage of the nostril, they insert a thong of 
leather or a "ram" as it is called, into their 
nose. This is drawn tight by the means of a 
noose, and then, holding the other end of this 
"reim" in their left hand, and aiding the pro- 
gress of the beast with a thick stick, held in 
their right, they gallop at a furious pace over 
the hills. 
This is a very favourite occupation amongst 
all their tribes; and cattle races form one of 
their most frequent and exhilirating pastimes. 
These they find beneficial both to train early 
their boys in riding, and their cattle in run- 
ning : so that, in the case of any emergency of 
war, or otherwise, they may be able easily to 
remove themselves, and their herds, from one 
locality to another in a short space of time. 
In connection with their cattle, their dairy 
arrangements may be mentioned as singular. 
Milk forming the principal article of food which 
they employ during times of peace, the care of 
it is amongst their daily avocations. Cows are 
esteemed very valuable by them, and are very 
carefully tended. One of their customs is to turn 
the cattle out at daylight, and allow them to 
graze until noon ; they then drive them into the 
"kraal," and the hind legs of the cows being 
tightly tied with a " reim" of leather, the calves 
