KAFFIR LAWS. 
245 
signated " arnapakati" or, as understood by 
Europeans, counsellors. This is an incorrect in- 
terpretation, though it is now so rendered by 
the frontier Kaffirs. " Pakati" simply means 
within, and " amapakati" is understood to 
signify those who are at the time within the 
chiefs circle. To prove clearly that "unipa- 
kati" does not mean a counsellor or adviser, 
every man and boy who is in the chief's circle 
is called an " umpakatiP 
" It has been shown, that the Chief is gene- 
rally surrounded by an important portion of his 
tribe. He mostly occupies each day with his 
u arnapakati" the topics of the times engage 
their attention, trials of criminal and civil cases, 
occupying also a portion of their time. These 
trials may correctly be said to be conducted in 
open court; for, as there are no professional 
lawyers, every "urnpakati" mayfreely enter into 
the case under investigation. And, from the ri- 
dicule which would result from any interference 
of an "umpakati" incompetent to argue on the 
case, it seldom happens that any display of in- 
competency occurs. Thus the chief's residence 
may be appropriately termed the school where 
law is taught, and its rules transmitted from 
one generation to another. 
"On examining, thoroughly, the nature of 
the penalties awarded to crimes by Kaffirs, in 
