Chap. XIV.] 
LOWEE SILURIAN BOCKS OF RUSSIA. 
357 
parts of the Upper Silurian and Devonian rocks, and even in the Carboniferous 
Limestone. 
In the cliffs of the Gulf of Bothnia, the above-mentioned Lower Silurian 
limestone appears in relation to the underlying strata as in the preceding- 
woodcut. 
These lower limestones, constituting the chief members of the Lower Silurian 
of Russia, are filled, as in Scandinavia, with a profusion of Trilobites, Orthidse, 
large Orthoceratites, Gasteropods, and Cystidese, characteristic of this age. 
One only (and the most remarkable) of the Trilobites is here represented (Foss. 
88), namely the singular variety 'eornutus' of the common Asaphus expansus 
of Wahlenberg. 
Fossils (88). Asaphus expansus, and its var. cornutus, from the Lower Silurian 
Limestone of Russia. 
(From ' Russia and the Ural Mountains,' vol. i. p. 37.) 
Among the other characteristic fossili? may be cited Amphion Fischeri, 
Eichw., Ulsenus crassicauda, Dalm., Ampyx nasutus, Dalm., Cybele verrucosa 
Dalm., Orthis calligramma (PI. V. f. 7, 8, 9), 0. biforata, Schloth., Orthoceras 
duplex, Wahl., and many Cystideans, of which Echinosphaerites aurantium is 
the type. 
Here, laying before the reader a reduced sketch of the very characteristic and 
Fossils (89). Orthoceras duplex, Wahlenberg. 
A characteristic Russian and Scandinavian fossil. 
large Orthoceras of the Lower Silurian rocks of Scandinavia and Russia (F.oss. 
89), we must refer to the works of Pander and Eichwald *, and to that of myself 
and colleagues, for a full description of these fossils. 
In proceeding westwards from the Government of St. Petersburg into Es- 
* In citing the name of Eichwald, I must ex- band of these presents the lithological character 
press my regret that, after demonstrating the of Grerman ' GrauwackeV (See ' Der Grauwack- 
identity of the strata forming the seaboard of enschichten von Liev- und Esthland,' Bull, de la 
the Baltic provinces of Eussia with the rocks of Soc. Imp. de Moscou, 1854, p. 3). See also his 
Britain under the term ' Silurian' (' Silurische Sys- loiter memoir (Bull. Soc. Moscou, 1856-57) for co- 
tem in Esthland,' 1840), he should have gone back pious lists of all the known Palaeozoic Eossils of 
to the obsolete term ' GrauwackeV The use of Russia. The distinctions of Lower and Upper 
this word as respects the Russo- Baltic rocks of Silurian, Devonian, &c, are all omitted, and 
this date is wholly inapplicable, since no one /' Grauwacke" ' is again forced into nomenclature ! 
