Chap. XIV.] 
DEVONIAN EOCKS OF EUSSIA. 
361 
chisoni, M.-Edw. (u.) ; Omphyma turbinatum, Linn. (l. u.) ; Stenopora (Favosites) 
fibrosa, M'Coy (l. u.) ; Syringopora bifurcata, Lonsd. (v.) ; S. fascicularis, Linn. (u.). 
Echinodermata. — Actinocrinus nodulosus] (d.) ; Crotalocrinus rugosus, Miller (v.); 
Poteriocrinus (Ehodocrinus) quinquangularis, Miller (l.) ; P. verus, Miller (d.). 
Annelida. — Spirorbis. 
Crustacea : Trilobita. — Calymene Blumenbachii, Brong. (l. u.) ; C. Baylei, Barr. 
(u.) ; Cheirurus insignis, Beyr. (u.) ; Dalmania (Phacops) caudata, Briin. (l. u.) , 
Encrinurus punctatus, Briin. (l. u.) ; Bumastus Barriensis, Murch. (u.) ; Illaenus Bou- 
chardi, Barr. (u.) ; Proetus concinnus, Dalm. (u.) ; Sphserexochus mirus, Beyr. (u.). 
Phyllopoda. — Eurypterus tetragonophthalmus, Fischer (d.) ; Leperditia Balthica, His. 
(u.) ; L. phaseolus, His. (u.). 
Tolyzoa. — Ceriopora affinis, Goldf. (u.); C. granulosa, Goldf. (u.). 
Again, in the eastern portion of the Government of St. Petersburg, M. Bock 
has observed that beyond the River Siass the upper beds consist of dolomitic 
limestone charged with Orthoceras duplex and 0. regulare, lying upon a lime- 
stone with Orthoceras vaginatum. He infers that this band is of the same age 
as the rock between Narva and Revel, which alternates with the bituminous 
shale described by Helmersen in 1838. M. Bock believes that the limestone of 
the tracts east of St. Petersburg underwent a slight elevation soon after its for- 
mation, and was thus raised above the sea in which the Upper Silurian deposits 
of Oesel and Esthonia were accumulated. 
Devonian Rocks of Russia. — Deposits of this age are so very widely 
spread out in Russia as to extend over a region more spacious than the 
British Isles. This great extension is not, however, due to the thickness 
of the beds, but to their very slight inclination, and to their having been 
rarely disturbed. Though subjected to broad and very slight bends only, 
they occupy the chief part of the Valdai Hills, and rise into a broad dome 
near Orel, thus constituting the highest eminences of a comparatively 
low region. 
In addition to many Shells, some of them peculiar to the region, but others 
well known in strata of the same age in the limestones of Devonshire, in the 
Eifel, and some portions of the Devonian rocks of the Rhine and the Boulonnais, 
fossil Fishes occur in numerous localities, and strikingly characterize this deposit 
in Russia. Many of them, brought to England by myself, were shown by 
Agassiz to be identical with species of the Scottish Old Red Sandstone ; whilst, 
from a microscopic examination of their teeth, Owen proved that some belong 
to Dendrodus *, a genus of Sauroid Fishes equally characteristic of the North- 
British formation. Cephalaspis Lyellii and the Pteraspides, which, with the 
associated large Crustaceans (Pterygoti), characterize the lowest zone of Old 
Red Sandstone in England and Scotland, are, as before said, unknown in Russia 
— a zoological datum which is in perfect harmony with the physical break 
usually observed, whereby this band is omitted and the Fishes of the middle 
and upper portion of the Old Red series of Scotland lie in strata which repose 
transgressively on various members of the Silurian rocks. It may, however, be 
suggested that the uppermost Silurian beds in the Isle of Oesel, with Cepha- 
laspis verrucosus, exhibit a transition into the Devonian system. 
"When the first edition of this work was published, the existence in Russia of 
Coccosteus, so characteristic of the central zone in the north of Scotland, 
was unknown ; but since then, thanks to the labours of the late Dr. Pander, the 
comparison has been rendered still more striking, not only by the addition of that 
* • Enseia-in-Europe,' vol. i. p. 635. 
