Chap. XV.] 
PALEOZOIC ROCKS OF ETJKOPE. 
369 
CHAPTER XY. 
PEIMEVAL SUCCESSION IN GERMANY. 
GENERAL SKETCH OF THE CHARACTER OF THE OLDER ROCKS EXTENDING WESTWARDS FROM 
TURKEY-IN-EUROPE INTO THE CARPATHIANS AND ALPS. DEVONIAN AND CARBONIFEROUS 
ROCKS OF POLAND, SILESIA, AND MORAVIA. LAURENTIAN, CAMBRIAN, AND SILURIAN 
ROCKS OF BOHEMIA AND BAVARIA. SILURIAN, DEVONIAN, AND CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF 
SAXONY, THE THURINGERWALD, ETC. 
Whilst the general order of the older strata is clearly exposed in that 
larger portion of Russia-in-Europe which has from the remotest antiquity 
been exempted from the intrusion of every description of plutonic or vol- 
canic rocks, we no sooner pass to the south-west and enter the Danubian 
and Turkish Provinces, than we meet with masses more or less crystalline, 
which, like those of the Ural Mountains and Siberia, have been penetrated 
at various localities by igneous matter. These extend from the Balkan 
into the ranges of Thrace and Transylvania on the one hand, and into the 
Carpathians on the other ; but they have as yet been so little examined in 
detail as to leave us in ignorance of the extent to which a Palaeozoic classi- 
fication can be applied to them. From the travels of Boue, Visquenel, 
Warington Smyth, and others, it is known, however, that these rocks are 
usually so crystalline as to afford few spots like those near Constanti- 
nople, just alluded to, where the palaeontologist can expect to observe even 
a few rare fossils. 
When, however, we reach the Eastern or Austrian Alps, we find that, 
although most of the older strata forming a great portion of those moun- 
tains have been metamorphosed, there are certain ' oases,' at wide intervals, 
indicative of a succession similar to that which we have been following 
through other countries. Thus, in the ridge south of Werfen, in the 
Salzburg tract, Orthocerata, Orthidae, Cardiolae, and other fossils have been 
detected, marking a remnant of a true Silurian zone, the chief mass of 
which is in a crystalline state. In the Styrian Alps near Gratz, certain 
grey schists and calcareous flagstones contain many Devonian fossils ; and 
similar rocks have there been traced through a district of some extent. 
Near Bleiberg, in the Carinthian portion of the Eastern Alps, is a limestone 
with large Producti which is of Carboniferous age ; whilst in various parts of 
the Western Alps the rocks contain courses of anthracite associated with 
Plants of the same era. On the whole, however, it may be said that, in nearly 
all the countries extending over the southern regions of Germany, the clear 
separation of the Palaeozoic rocks, which can be easily effected in many other 
parts of Europe, is impracticable. This is doubtless owing, in great measure, 
2 b 
