Chap. XVI.] DEVONIAN EOCKS IN NASSAU, WESTPHALIA, ETC. 
397 
stones, more clearly identifying the succession of rocks in these foreign tracts 
with that in Devonshire. M. Adolf Romer, for example, divides this upper 
group into the following ascending series : — 1. Receptaculite-schists, so called 
because they are charged with the Eeceptaculites Neptuni, Defrance ; 2. Lime- 
stone characterized by Goniatites auris and other species ; 3. Schists with many 
Goniatites, Clymeniae, and Cypridinae ; 4. and lastly, Schists containing Rhyn- 
chonella cuboides and Productus subaculeatus, — beds which are paralleled by 
that author with the Upper Devonian strata of North Devon. Looking, how- 
ever, at this Upper Devonian division in a broad point of view, as it gene- 
rally appears in Germany, it seems to me to be more frequently characterized by 
the small Crustacean termed Cypridina * serrato-striata, than by any other fossil. 
Where the calcareous courses thin out, and Clymeniae and Goniatites, or other 
characteristic Shells, are not persistent, still the minute Crustacean is almost 
everywhere present, often ranging through a considerable succession of beds, and 
giving to them their prevailing zoological character. In each country, however, 
through which this division ranges, it exhibits some peculiar features, though 
in most tracts it is chiefly marked by containing Cypridinae, Clymeniae, and cer- 
tain Goniatites. The name, therefore, of ' Cypridinen-Schiefer,' adopted by MM. 
Sandberger, who have described so many of the organic remains of this remark- 
able band of rocks, is, I repeat, highly characteristic of it as a whole. 
In Nassau, where the upper limestone is, in some places (as near Weilburg), 
very little removed from the Lower or massive Eifel Limestone, it has only to be 
followed a short distance eastwards to be seen divided from its neighbour by 
copious strata of the igneous rock called ' Schaalstein,' formed of cotempora- 
neous submarine volcanic ejections. 
It is along the northern frontier of Westphalia, however, where all the Devonian 
rocks subside conformably beneath the overlying Carboniferous deposits, that 
they assume an importance which can be well understood only by inspecting 
the remarkable Prussian map before spoken of. There, as is well seen in the 
cuttings of the Bergisch-Mergisch Railroad, the group above the Stringocephalus- 
limestone exhibits, first, slaty schists with some thin layers of grey and black 
limestone containing Goniatites retrorsus, — strata which at Nuttlar attain the 
great thickness of 1000 feet (' Flinz ' of von Dechen) as micaceous sand- 
stones, often running into concretionary forms, as seen at the Rauhe Hardt, 
near Iserlohn. Then appear the reddish schists with Cypridinae and a nodular 
limestone which, from the cavities it weathers into, has been called ' Kra- 
menzel-Stein ' or i emmet-stone ' f, the greatest thickness of which is about 200 
feet. 
It is this nodular Kramenzel-Stein, and the associated schists and sandstone, 
frequently of a reddish colour, which are most charged with Cypridinae and Cly- 
meniae, and they give to the upper group its chief character. When most ex- 
tended, including the schists called ' Flinz,' the group has the dimensions of up- 
wards of 1300 feet. This Upper Devonian, in the form of ' Cypridinen-Schiefer ' 
and ' Clymenien-Kalk,' as before explained, is much developed in Saxony and in 
the adjacent tracts of Thuringia and Franconia. (See the foregoing Chapter.) 
The overlying sandy calcareous band with the Spirifer Verneuilii J terminates 
* Prof. Kupert J ones has pointed out (Eeport name given by myself, in honour of my friend de 
Brit. Assoc. 1863, Trans. Sect. p. 80) that these Verneuil, to the Spirifer which abounds in the 
so-called ' Cypridinae ' have no claim to the ge- same stratum in the Boulonnais (see Bull. Soc. 
neric name Cypridina, but belong to Entomis &c. Ge"ol. de France, ser. 2. vol. xi. p. 252). It is, how- 
t The cavities are frequently filled with ants' ever, the Spirifer disjunctus, having been previ- 
nests ; hence this name given by the workmen. ously so named by Sowerby. 
X Von Dechen and his associates have used the 
