— 39 — 
Regarding the combination of the ganglion cells with the 
nerve-tubes, there are two various opinions which have especially 
been prevalent. According to a great many writers, there is an 
immediate combination of the cells with the tubes, these being di- 
rect continuations of processes from the cells. Another opinion is 
that, there does not exist any immediate combination between tubes 
and cells but that the tubes have an indirect origin, i. e., in a fibrillar 
mass. 
The opinion of some authors is, that both modes of origin are 
present. 
A direct origin of the nerve-tuhes in ganglion cells has long 
ago been maintained by Helmholtz. 
Amongst the later adherents of this opinion the following may 
be named : Hannover, Will, Bruch, Wedl, Faivre, Owsjannikow,^) 
BucHHOLz, Gheron, Brandt,^) Stieda, Berger, Yung, Claus, 
Lang, Spengel, Michels, Freud, Koestler, Rohde, Poirier. 
Walter, Solbrig, Bellonci, Bohmig, Haller and Nansen^^ have 
Owsjamiikow states (1881) that in the Crustaceans the nerve-tubes 
arise directly from ganglion cells. The large longitudinal nerve-tubes are formed 
by the union of several processes from various cells; and they «forment un systema 
particulier, établissant la relation entre les cellules des noyaux de la chaine gang- 
lionnaire et les cellules du cerveau« (1. c. 1861, p. 136). Of the combination of 
cells, situated oposite to each other, he says: »Les cellules nerveuse d'un coté sont 
partout unies aux cellules de Fautre par des commissures.« The nerve-tubes of the 
i^^o//^^5C5 Ovvsjannikow also describes (1870), as arising directly from ganglion cells. 
In most tubes he has, however, observed a division into two branches, the one of 
which passes into a peripheric nerve, whilst the other one passes »zu der ent- 
gegengesetzten Hålfte des Nervenknotens«. «Es lasst sich aber auch ferner nach" 
weisen, dass einzelne Gangliengruppen auf ebendieselbe Weise mit einander ver- 
bunden sind.« Of interest is, that Owsjannikow (like Buchholz) »an manchen 
primitiven Nervenfasern auch solche Nebenåstchen entdeckt habe, die sich fast 
plotzlich in eine sehr grosse Anzahl hochst feiner Åstchen dritten und vierten 
Ranges theilten iind endlich so fein vurden, das sie der stårksten Vergrosserung 
entgingen.» «Diese Astchen» he supposes to be similar to Deiter's protoplasmic 
processes, in which supposition I do not, however, agree vith him. It may also 
be mentioned that Owsjannikow, like Walter, describes «multipolare Nervenzellen« 
situated »an manchen primitiven Nervenåsten«. These cells are, however, in my 
opinion, not ganglion cells but neuroglia-cells. 
Brandt (1870) designates the »Punktsubstanz« or »Medullarsubstanz« in the 
ganglia of Lepas anatifera as consististing of feinen Kornchen. Its function or 
importance he does not, however, mention. The nerve-fihres («welche den Achsen- 
I cylindern der markhaltigen Nervenfasern der Wirbelthiere und einiger Wirbellosen 
entsprechen«) are direct continuations of the processes of the ganglion cells, 
Lately, a paper by Rawitz has appeared, where views are expressed very 
like those of Haller. This paper will be referred to at the conclusion of the pre- 
sent chapter. 
