2l8 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
grove of trees discovered by Mr. Arthur H. Zachau on the north slope of a 
tributary stream on the west side of the Verde River Canon, about sixteen miles 
south-east of the town of Camp Verde, Arizona. 
In general appearance the foliage of smooth cypress resembles that of the 
Arizona cypress, though the former species can be distinguished from the latter 
by the compact, narrowly oval, or somewhat pyramidal crown. The branches 
of smooth cypress, particularly of younger trees, are strongly upright. 
Old trees grown in the open develop long, lower branches, which from their 
great weight are less upright than those of trees of the same age in a close stand. 
In height the trees range from 25 to 30 feet, and in diameter from 10 to 14 inches, 
though much larger trees probably exist. The trunk is slightly tapering, while 
the upper portion is sometimes divided into several branches, in this respect 
differing from the usual undivided stem of Arizona cypress. Only about one- 
fourth to one-third of the trunk is clear of branches. The most distinctive 
characteristic of this tree is its thin, smooth, dark purple-red bark. 
Twelve tree junipers inhabit the United States. Nine of them occur within 
the Rocky Mountains, one is confined to California, and two are found only in 
the eastern United States. 
Jumpevus monosperma is commonly called merely ' cedar ' or ' juniper.' 
The name one-seed juniper is appropriate because the small berries usually 
contain but one seed. This one-seed character, however, cannot be depended 
upon to distinguish /. monosperma from Utah juniper and /. megalocarpa, since 
both of these have one-seeded fruits. 
It commonly produces several small trunks from a single root-stock, these 
stems varying in height from 6 to 20 feet and in diameter from 3 to 6 or more 
inches. The general appearance is often that of a low-crowned, overgrown 
bush. Single-stem trees are rare, occurring chiefly in protected places. Their 
height varies from 30 to 50 feet, or occasionally more, with a diameter of from 
12 to 24 inches. In all cases the trunk is rather short, often deeply fluted, and 
widely buttressed. The wood of one-seed juniper is very narrow-ringed, hard, 
and heavy, with a slight cedar-like odour. The sap-wood is nearly white and 
from three-fourths to about two inches thick, usually much thinner in old trees 
than young. The wood of mountain cedar is moderately heavy (about 43 lb. a 
cubic foot, seasoned), rather hard, exceedingly narrow-ringed, and of a clear 
cinnamon-brown colour, interspersed with irregular paler streaks. The sap- 
wood is very thin, seldom more than one half of an inch thick. Freshly cut, dry, 
or green wood has a strong cedar-like odour. The heart-wood is very durable, and 
the best sticks are used for fence posts, telephone and telegraph poles, and 
light-traffic ties. It is used locally for fuel. 
The wood of old trees is brittle and can be cut with an easily parted chip, 
qualities that make clear sections suitable for pencil wood. 
The hard heavy wood of Utah juniper is generally very narrow-ringed, the 
rings in stunted trees being extremely narrow. 
The sap-wood is very thick and white,while the heart-wood, of a light yellowish- 
brown colour, is less pungent in odour than that of other junipers. When 
thoroughly seasoned the wood is exceedingly durable. Utah juniper is too small 
and imperfect in form for commercial purposes, though where it is abundant 
the wood is much used for fuel and fence posts. 
/. megalocarpa is one of the largest and best formed of our south-western 
junipers. It varies in height from 30 to 50 feet, and in diameter from 2 to 4 
feet. The crown is compact, broadly pyramidal, with short, stout branches. 
Alligator juniper is unique in the thick, sharply checkered bark of its trunk, 
the resemblance of which to the body scales of an alligator suggested its widely 
accepted common name, a characteristic which also distinguishes it sharply from 
all other native junipers. It is sometimes known as ' oak-barked juniper ' 
and ' thick-barked juniper.' 
The wood of alligator juniper is rather light, soft, brittle, and very narrow- 
ringed. The sap-wood is comparatively thin and of a pale straw colour ; the 
heart-wood is light brown with a faint reddish tinge, irregularly marked with 
paler streaks. 
Drooping juniper varies in size from a bushy tree 8 to 10 feet in height and 
3 to 6 inches through to one of medium size from 29 to 25 feet tall and 12 to 20 
inches in diameter. The best developed specimens have straight trunks, clear 
of branches for from 19 to 15 feet, and rather open, narrowly pyramidal crowns. 
Trees growing in dry, exposed places are rarely over 10 feet high, densely branched 
to the ground, and have a dome-shaped crown. The crown is composed of 
wide-spreading branches, at the ends of which the slender, drooping twigs give 
the tree a graceful, weeping appearance. In the case of trees growing in deep 
shaded canon bottoms the drooping habit is especially pronounced, the pendent 
