292 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
The Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil, in her "History of Gardening in England," 
says that " such galleries were marked characters of late fifteenth 
and early sixteenth century gardens, designs being found in some old 
works, notably in the " Hortus Floridus " of Crispin de Pas (trans- 
lated 1 615). 
" They existed in Hampton Court before Henry VIII. made his 
alterations there, and are referred to in Cavendish's metrical life 
of Wolsey : 
' My galleries were fayre both large and longe 
To walk in them when it liked me best.' 
No single example of one of these original galleries or arbours appears 
now to be in existence, the explanation being that the pillars were 
made of perishable material and not of stone as in Italy. 
" Few if any examples are to be found in English illuminated 
books, although plenty of pictures occur in foreign MSS. of this period, 
especially French and Flemish." 
The one, and as far as I know the only, book in England devoted 
to this particular subject is Smithson's " Book of Pergulars," pub- 
lished early in the seventeenth century. The word "pergola" was 
formerly used chiefly in the significance of the Latin pergula* 
meaning a shelter or bower, rather than to describe the leafy garden 
corridor which now monopolizes the term. The expression pergola 
is noticeably absent from John Evelyn's outline of the magnum 
opus on garden art which he projected but did not write. Every 
other conceivable garden feature seems to be named in the detailed 
summary of the work which he prepared. Evelyn uses the word 
elsewhere, however. 
The great revolution which overwhelmed gardens in the eighteenth 
century would have been scarcely practicable if shade had been an 
imperative condition in the enjoyment of an English garden. The 
climate did not avail to save from destruction any of the shade-giving 
features which favoured formal design. The system of gardening 
which succeeded and remained in vogue for a century or so, in 
which straight lines found no place, offered little opportunity for the 
pergola. An important outcome of informal landscape gardening, 
however, was the stimulus given to the production and discovery 
of new trees and shrubs, and the interest developed in individual 
plants. These naturally included many fine climbing plants needing 
some special means of support. 
This requirement has been met in the type of garden architecture 
evolved during the last quarter century, in which the pergola has 
been so justified that it is now as securely established in English 
garden design as if the shade it gives were an indispensable necessity. 
But it should be remembered that the raison d'etre of a pergola 
is to provide a shady walk, or, at all events, to afford shade where 
desired, and it should consequently be placed where this purpose is 
best served in the scheme of the garden. The most obvious position 
is a straight, exposed, and frequented thoroughfare. A pergola 
