TREES AND SHRUBS FOR AUTUMN AND WINTER EFFECT. 341.. 
and should be situated where the sun has full access. This is 
essential if the full beauty of the autumn colouring is to be secured, 
but its importance is too often overlooked. It is the summer sun- 
shine that produces the bright-coloured bark, and the fruit on berry- 
bearing shrubs ; and it is the gleam of autumn and winter sun 
which lights up and intensifies the colouring of leaf, bark, and berry. 
The point of view should also be taken into consideration when 
planting. With very few exceptions the trees should be so planted 
that they may be seen with the sun behind the observer. The full 
effect of autumn foliage, and berries and bark in winter, depends 
almost entirely upon this. Almost the only exceptions to this rule 
that I have noticed are the Claret Vine and Acer Schwedleri, whose 
semi-transparent red leaves are equally beautiful whether viewed 
with the back or the face to the sun. 
Trees and shrubs for autumn and winter effects should be planted 
in prominent positions. Too often, through mistakes when planting, 
or neglect of subsequent thinning, much of the effect is lost, just 
sufficient remaining to show what beauty there might have been 
had the trees been given sufficient room to develop. 
In thinking of the taller-growing trees that are suitable for our 
purpose, one of the first to come to mind is the American Scarlet 
Oak, Quercus coccinea. Trees of this raised from seedlings vary 
somewhat in the colouring of the leaves, but, all things considered, 
it is one of the most satisfactory trees to plant. It grows quickly, 
for an Oak, and requires plenty of room, and therefore it is even more 
suitable for the park than the pleasure-ground. It is always pretty, 
and frequently gorgeous in its autumn colouring. There is a very 
bright-coloured form which is propagated by grafting, the leaves of 
which remain on the tree much later than those of seedling scarlet 
Oaks. 
Quercus rubra is another fine Oak with large leaves, which are 
of a darker red than those of the Scarlet Oak. 
Some of the larger-growing Maples are almost as brilliant as the 
Scarlet Oak. The Norway Maple, Acer platanoides, makes a fine tree, 
and its large leaves turn a rich golden colour in the autumn. One 
of its varieties is Schwedleri, with large purplish leaves, which change 
in the autumn to a bronzy-red colour. This is a fine quick-growing 
tree. Another equally good variety is Reitenbachii. A. saccharinum, 
the Sugar Maple, is another of the taller Maples with bright autumn 
leaves. A. pictum and A. pictum aureum have rich yellow leaves, 
and pictum rubrum red leaves in the autumn. They are much smaller- 
growing trees than those previously named, and so also is A. tataricum 
Ginnala, which has a very graceful habit of growth, and foliage which 
becomes beautifully tinted. The still smaller and more brilliant 
Japanese Maples will be dealt with when we come to the lower-growing 
shrubs. 
The Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera, in addition to producing 
its fragrant, tulip-shaped, orange, yellow, and green blossoms in the 
