546 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Apple, Internal Structure of. By E. J, Kraus (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Oregon, 
Bull. 135, pp, 42 ; 31 plates). — A large number of appies were sectioned with 
a view to the study of internal characters for taxonomic and physiological 
investigation. Clearing and staining processes are described in detail. Ihe bulk 
of the paper consists of photographs of the stained sections (transverse), which 
show very interesting differences in the pith areas, and disposition of vascular 
bundles. Well worthy of study by the systematic pomologist, — E, A. Bd. 
Apple-Rot Fungi, Temperature Relations of. By C. Brooks and J. S, Cooley 
(Jour. Agr. Res. viii. pp. 139-163, Jan. 1917 ; figs.). — The temperature relations 
of the following fungi which cause rot of apples were studied : Alternaria sp., 
Aspergillus niger, Glomerella cingulata, Botrytis cinerea, Sphaeropsis Malorum, 
Fusarium radicicola, Penicillium expansum, Sclerotinia cinerea, and Cephalo- 
thecium roseum, Mucor stolonifer, Neofabraea malicorticis, Volutella fructi, 
especially in relation to cold storage. When fruit was placed in cold storage 
immediately after inoculation rot was either greatly delayed (least with 
Sphaeropsis Malorum and Sclerotinia cinerea) or completely stopped. When 
inoculation was attempted by washing the apples in spore suspensions very 
rarely was infection secured, pointing to the need for avoidance of punctures 
and other injuries to fruits to be held in storage. — F. J. C< 
* Apple Scab Fungus (Venturia inaequalis), Ascospore Discharge of the. By 
Leroy Childs (U.S. Agr. Exp. Stn., Oregon, Bull. 143, 11 pp., May 1917). — The 
author found that ascospores are ejected as early as March 20 at Hood River, 
and at Corvallis, Oregon, on February 25, and this discharge continues up to 
June 27 at Hood River, and up to May 20 at Corvallis. This early discharge of 
ascospores of Venturia inaequalis suggests to the author that early spring 
spraying is essential, and he believes that if an annual study is made to deter- 
mine the earliest period of ejection of the ascospores throughout the country, 
recommendations as to the date of spring spraying could be issued and so prevent 
much loss by this fungus in apple-growing districts. — A. B. 
Apple-spot Diseases, Irrigation Experiments on. By C. Brooks and D. F. 
Fisher (Jour. Agr. Res. xii. pp. 109-137, Jan. 1918 ; plates). — Bitter-pit and 
Jonathan spot are the troubles dealt with in the main. Bitter-pit was increased 
by heavy irrigation, but more so by heavy irrigation following medium irrigation. 
Light irrigation greatly reduced the disease, but at the same time greatly reduced 
the size of the apples. As is to be expected, large apples showed more disease 
than small ones, and the conditions conducing to growth also apparently induced 
the development of bitter-pit. Jonathan spot, a spot disease affecting at first 
the colour cells only, developed more on apples picked early than on those picked 
late, but the contrast was less in the later than in the earlier stages of storage. 
Spots due to aphis attacks, drought spot, cork, and blister are all discussed briefly 
and characterized. — F f J. C. 
Apple Stocks, Investigations on. By B. T. P. Barker and C. T. Spinks 
Ann. Rep. Agr. Res. Stn., Long Ashton, 1917). — An introduction deals with the 
importance of distinguishing the characteristics of apple stocks in any experi- 
mental work upon the trees. A tentative classification of free stocks based 
mainly upon their root systems is then given. The difficulties of propagating 
these free stocks have not yet been entirely overcome, but stool-layering appears 
to be the most promising method. Whether under different soil conditions the 
root systems of the different stocks will remain true to type remains to be seen. 
F, J. C K 
Apple, Xylaria Root-rot of. By F. A. Wolf and R. O. Cromwell (Jour. Agr. 
Res. ix. pp. 269-276, May 191 7 ; figs.). — The authors attribute root-rot of 
apples to the attacks of species of Xylaria. Inoculation of the fungus into apple 
roots led to decay, but the extent of the decay varied in different roots to a 
considerable extent. — F. J t C s 
Apples and Pears : Gathering and Storing the Fruit. By E. A. Bunyard 
(Gard. Oct. 6, 191 7, p. 422). — The author recommends wrapping each fruit in 
paper and packing in boxes, such as Tate sugar boxes, which can be placed 
anywhere protected from the rain. A frost-proof building is not absolutely 
necessary ; if frozen and allowed to thaw gradually the fruit will be none the worse. 
In gathering the fruit the general rule is to gather when the fruit parts easily from 
the tree. This does not apply to early varieties, which should be gathered before 
they come away easily, and they will then ripen slowly indoors. If allowed to 
ripen on the tree they become poor in flavour, mealy fruit rotting at the core, 
