NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
547 
Pears especially should be gathered with great care ; a flat basket padded 
at the bottom and filled with only one layer of fruit should be carried by hand 
into the store. 
Late fruits should be left on the tree as long as possible. Early gathering 
will mean shrivelled fruit. E. M. Hadow (Oct. 20, 191 7, p. 442) confirms Mr. 
Bunyard's observation, that frost will not hurt apples allowed to thaw gradually 
under cover. — H. R. D. 
Apples, Comparative Cooking Quality of Oregon. By A. B. Milam and 
H. B. Gardner (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Oregon, Bull. 124; Feb. 1915; plates). — 
Many common varieties were cooked in a variety of ways and judged by points. 
The authors conclude that different varieties must be used for different specific 
purposes to obtain the best results. Size of fruit makes little difference in 
cooking quality of apples for sauce, and sauce-making preserves the flavour 
better than jelly-making. For sauce, apples in their prime or somewhat over 
mature are best. Good dessert apples are not necessarily the best for cooking. 
Apples belonging to the same po Etiological groups have similar cooking qualities. 
The sauce-making qualities of an apple vary inversely with the proportion of 
pith and vascular tissue and the cell cohesion and directly as the size of the cell. 
F. J. C. 
Apples, Drouth-Spot and Cork in. By A. J. Mix (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., New York, 
Bull. 426, pp. 471-522, Oct. 1916 ; 12 plates). — Two little-kncwn apple diseases 
are found in Champlain Valley, New York State. They are non-parasitic in 
nature, and closely related to the fruit-pit or stippen disease. The names " Cork " 
and " Drouth- Spot " are suggested for them. Cork is evident in late June as 
dead brown spots beneath the skin of the fruit and around the core. The fruit 
is normal externally. Later the fruit becomes distorted and knobby, and brown 
corky areas are found scattered throughout the flesh. 
Drouth-Spot occurs in early June, and depends upon the weather for its 
development. Sunken, irregular, dead brown spots show in the skin of the 
fruit, and dead brown areas are seen beneath. In the later stages, the apples 
become cracked and deformed. 
These diseases appear in the best types of soil and in young healthy trees. 
The only control is the conservation of soil moisture^and an equal distribution 
of moisture throughout the season. — A. B. 
Apples: Variation during the Growing Season. By W. E. Whitehouse 
(U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Oregon, Bull. 134). — This investigation sets out to answer 
the question, " When does an apple make its growth ? " It is found, as in 
other plants, a steady growth without a check depends on an adequate supply 
of water during the whole season. There is a tendency for the fruit to increase 
in transverse diameter later in the season. This we have often noticed in such 
varieties as King of the Pippins, which in a favourable year becomes much 
more oblate, that is, it makes its height first and then proceeds to increase its 
girth. Colour is deposited mostly just before gathering. 
There is nothing particularly new in the conclusions, but it is interesting to 
see for once the gardeners' conclusions verified by careful scientific measurement. 
E. A. Bd. 
Arsenate of Lead Pastes, Effect of Freezing. By R. A. Datcher (Jour. Econ. 
Eniom. 9, p. 561, Dec. 1916 ; figs.). — The author found the physical condition 
of arsenate of lead pastes was often altered by freezing, so that it was extremely 
difficult to work them up into a finely divided state for spraying. The powder 
was not so affected. — F. J. C. 
Arsenical Injury through the Bark of Fruit Trees. By D. B. Swingle and 
H. E. Morris (Jour. Agr. Res. viii. p. 283 ; Feb. 19, 191 7 ; figs.). — An investiga- 
tion of alleged damage to the trunks of trees by spraying with arsenic com- 
pounds was carried out by the authors, who found the intact periderm of the 
smooth bark of the apple impervious to arsenical solutions . If arsenical solutions 
find their way through the bark during the growing season more or less injury 
follows, and this may occur through wounds, lenticels, or latent buds, while 
in older trees arsenical solutions may find their way into the inner tissues through 
cracks or fissures in the bark. Roots are similarly liable to injury. If the 
injury follows entrance through a wound, definite longitudinaL streaks will be 
produced in bark and sapwood, but where the entrance is gained through the 
stem, such streaks are rarely to be seen. Painting wounds is only a partial 
protection. Calcium arsenite is the most injurious of the arsenical compound^ 
used in spraying. — F. J. C, 
