NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
557 
Forest Management in New York State, Possibilities of Private. By Cedric 
H, Guise (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Cornell, April 191 6). — Within the boundaries of 
the State of New York some 34,000,000 acres are included, of which 12,000,000 
acres are in woodland. The bulk of State-owned land lies within the Adirondack 
and Catskill preserves. Ihese preserves are situated in parts of sixteen counties, 
consist of nearly seven thousand scattered parcels, are bounded by almost 
nine thousand miles of line, and are intermixed with over three times as large 
an area of private forest land. This private property is controlled by corpora- 
tions, private clubs, associations, and individuals. 
At the present time a bulk of forestry work in New York is carried on almost 
entirely by the State Government. In a few cases private estates have their own 
foresters, but generally such work is carried on in co-operation with the State 
Forest Service. The work of the Conservation Commission was primarily 
for State lands, but private owners can derive great benefit from its efforts. 
Reforestation work has steadily progressed. The State supplies at cost 
to private parties, trees for planting, and each succeeding year shows an 
increased number of trees shipped from the State nurseries. Since 1908, 
when the State first began this work, 14,624,000 trees have been supplied for 
reforestation. — A. D. W. 
Forest Planting in New York State, Reforesting Methods and Results of. 
By B. H. Paul (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Cornell, April 1916). — The majority of the 
plantations in the State are comparatively young. Very little reio resting was 
done prior to the year 1899, when the New York State College of Forestry at 
Cornell University made its first forest plantation at Axton, in the Adirondacks. 
Since 1899 planting has been done on State lands nearly every year, and up 
to the present time a total of over 7,000 acres has been reiorested within the 
Adirondack and Catskill forest preserves. 
In 1908 the State began supplying trees to individuals at cost, and from 
these sales about 15,000 acres of privately owned lands have been reforested. 
In addition, 3,000 acres of State land have been reforested at various State insti- 
tutes, and between 5,000 and 6,000 acres have been privately reforested with trees 
purchased from commercial dealers or grown in private nurseries. 
Plantations established prior to 1899 with imported nursery stock or by 
sowing tree seeds are to be found at Mill-brook and at White lake Corners. The 
age of these plantations raDges from eighteen to forty-four years ; the present 
yields are given on pages 679 and 687 of this bulletin. 
Two men working tpgether by the hole method can plant, on an average, 
from one thousand to twelve hundred trees in a day. On sandy soils with very 
little sod or grass, as many as fourteen hundred have been planted by two men 
in one day. On very stony soils, or where there is a heavy sod, the rate of planting 
is relatively lower. The average cost of planting should not exceed six dollars 
an acre under favourable conditions. The total cost of establishing a plantation, 
inc uding cost of trees, freight, and labour, varies from seven to twelve dollars 
an acre. — A. D. W, 
Forestry (Quart. Jour. Forestry, Jan., Apr., July 191 7). — Spring frosts occur 
chiefly in moist situations, and in hollows or valleys. In the former the great 
evaporation of the soil moisture makes the nights cold, and in the latter the 
evaporation produces heavy cold layers of air, which there are no winds to blow 
away. This cold air hangs close to the ground, and often trees 10 feet in height 
or more can be seeD with their lower leaves up to 5 feet or so all withered, and 
the higher ones untouched. Frosts again are very prevalent in sandy soils, 
which, although easily heated in the daytime, cool rapidly at night. A thick 
growth of grassy weeds also increases the danger from frosts by increasing the 
radiation of heat and consequent cooling of the surrounding air. 
Among broad-leaved trees, beech, ash, sweet chestnut, and oak are very 
sensitive to frost, while sycamore and elm do not suffer very severely. Alder, 
birch, hornbeam, and most of the poplars are decidedly frost-hardy. Of the 
conifers, larch, spruce, silver fir, and the Oregon Douglas fir are very susceptible 
to frost ; while Scots fir and Corsican and Austrian pines are hardy. 
Timber Control. — It is officially announced that as the problems connected 
with the supply of timber have now only an indirect connection with the War 
Office, the War Cabinet have decided to transfer the Timber Supply Department 
from the War Office to the Board of Trade. 
As the result of investigations, it appears that Douglas fir may be planted 
with confidence on soils overlying chalk, provided the top 12 inches or so 
is thoroughly disintegrated, and especially if the previous crop of hard- 
woods or underwood has left the surface rich in humus. The Douglas fir has 
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