566 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
be removed. The interior of the cavity should then be sterilized by applying 
creosote with a brush, after which it should be painted with a heavy coat of 
coal-tar. The cav ty should then be filled compactly with a mortar made 
of one part of a good grade of Portland cement and three parts of clean sharp 
sand.— A a D s W t 
Orchids in the Open. By L. Cezard (Rev. Hori. vol. lxxxix. p. 360, and 
vol. xc. p. 34). — Orchids usually grown in temperate or cool houses may in 
many cases be grown out of doors if they are given a south aspect and protected 
from the wind by a wattle fence or screen of bamboos or young hornbeam. A 
light covering is necessary to guard against hailstorms. The following gave 
good results : Epidendrum vitellinum, Cattleya Mossiae, C. Mendelii, C. 
Gaskelliana, C. Trianae. They require plenty of light and a dry atmosphere. 
The temperature should not fall below 40 0 F. C. intermedia, C. Harrisoniae, 
resist damp better than the above. Laelia anceps, L. autumnalis, L. praestans, 
L. cinnabarina, L. harpophylla are less difficult to grow. Dendrobium thyrsi- 
floruwi and D. Wardianum require moist heat during their period of growth. 
D. nobile is less exigeant in this respect. Vanda Amesiana, V. Kimballiana, 
V. tricolor can be grown with the Cattleya and Dendrobium. V. coerulea is the 
most beautiful and flowers freely but cannot endure cold damp. Coelogyne 
cristata grows easily, but is uncertain in flowering. Miltonia Clowesii, Odonto- 
glossum grande, O. pulchellum, Oncidium incurvum, O. concolor, O. crispum, O. 
Marshallianum, O. leucochilum, O. Wentworthianum, 0. Rodgersi y O. Sarcodes, 
Brassia verrucosa are cultivated like the Cattleya but need more water. Most 
of the Cypripediums are of easy cultivation. They require a fibrous compost 
and protection from the direct rays of the sun. This also applies to Anguloa 
Clowesii, Cymbidium Lowi, C. Tracyanum, Lycaste Skinneri, Sobralia wacrantha, 
and Disa grandiflora. The two last must have copious watering. — S. E. W. 
Palms, Transplantation of. By A. R. Proschowsky [Rev. Hort. vol. xc. 
pp. 139, 140). — The method of transplantation, in which the trees are previously 
deprived of their roots and leaves, gave good results in the case of Phoenix 
canariensis, Chaemaerops humilis, Washingtonia filifera, and W. robusta. — S. E. W. 
Parasite Eelworm on Potatos and Cotton. By N. A. Cobb (Jour, Agr. 
Res. vo!. xi. No. 1, Oct. 1017, pp. 27-33 ; 5 figs.). — The ? author describes a new 
nematode parasite (Tylenchus penetrans n.sp.) which has been discovered infest- 
ing the tubers of the potato, the feeding roots of camphor, the root-stocks of 
violets, and the roots of cotton. 
The external symptoms are the presence of spots or sunken areas upon the 
roots or tubers of the attacked plants ; each area when fully developed contains 
a number (up to 50) of T. penetrans in various stages of growth. The disease 
has been found in widely separated districts under different climatic conditions 
and in widely diversified hosts, so that it appears reasonable to assume that this 
species of nematode can adapt itself to widely varying conditions. The presence 
of this nematode in potato is significant, and points to the great care necessary 
to plant healthy tubers only, if prevention of this disease is desired. — A. B. 
Parsnip. By Andrew F. Pearson (Irish Gard. xiii., Jan. 191 8, pp. 4-5). — 
A practical and valuable article on the entire culture of this vegetable, which 
has come to the front so much since 191 4. — E. T. E. 
Parsnips, Diseases of. By A. D. Cotton (Kew Bull. April 1918, pp. 8-21 ; 
figs.). — An account of the canker of parsnips is given, and the author concludes, 
as the result of experiments with manures and attempted infection, that it is 
not due to the attack of any specific organism. It is occasioned in the first 
place by cracking following rain after a period of drought. The parsnip cannot 
produce wound corkj and various pests find an easy entrance into the root and 
cause extensive damage. Several other diseases were met with in the course 
of the investigation, some of them being new to Britain, and including attacks 
of Erysipe Polygoni, Phyllachora Pastinacae, Ramularia Pastinacae, Cercosporella 
Pastinacae, and Plasmopora nivea. — F. J. C. 
Peach Bacterial Soot in Southern States, The Control of. By John W, 
Roberts (U.S. Dep. Agr., Bur. PL Ind., Bull. 543, 1917, pp. 1-7). — The peach 
bacterial spot (bactenosis), caused by Bacterium pruni, occurs in nearly all the 
peach-growing districts of the United States. It is particularly serious in the 
Southern States. The bacterium 'also causes a disease of the plum, Japanese 
varieties being chiefly affected. 
