MALARIA EXPEDITION TO NIGERIA 209 
far distant from them, while behind the residency are the houses of native clerks. 
In all these cases it would not be difficult, considering the ease with which native 
huts can be pulled down and re-built, to remove this dangerous condition. 
Moreover, the neighbourhood of the European quarters provided many places 
for the breeding of Anopheles. In the barracks square an interesting condition was 
met with. The bungalows are supported on ant-proof piles, that is, piles provided 
with a cup to contain water. In these cups when they happened to have water in them 
were found Culex larvae in great numbers. About the centre of the square was a 
collection of such piles which, not having been moved for some time, were partly 
overgrown and hidden by long grass. The cups of these piles were found to contain 
Anopheles larvae. This illustrates the peculiar habits of the Anopheles^ for though in this 
undisturbed position they were numerous, in similar cups under the bungalows none 
could be found. The whole surroundings afforded a beautiful example, shewing the 
source of infection (there were several native huts scattered about close by), and the 
means by which the infection was easily carried by Anopheles bred close at hand, to 
the Europeans in their bungalows. 
A similar example was also provided by the conditions around the factory of 
the Niger Company. Between the factory boundary and the native huts we dis- 
covered a typical Anopheles pool containing numerous larvae. The pool was a portion 
of a very badly constructed drain which ran through the factory's area, which in its 
course also afforded several other breeding-places. 
Besides these, there were many other breeding places of Anopheles. In a sub- 
sequent chapter it will be pointed out that the construction of roads and footpaths as 
carried out in many parts of West Africa provides numerous such breeding places. 
Such occurred on a large scale at Lokoja. The road already mentioned and other 
roads off this were found by us so badly ditched on each side, that instead of serving to 
quickly remove water, they permitted of the formation of a long string of puddles 
on each side, containing numerous Anopheles larvae. In some places, in spite of 
the fact that there is a good natural slope down the hillsides, the bed of the 
ditch formed a series of steps, water lodging on each. One road in particular is to 
be mentioned. It runs down the ' hospital ' side of the ' barracks ' hill. On each side 
are huts of native soldiers, at the top the officers' bungalows. This road was recon- 
structed during our visit to Lokoja, and after the work its condition was as bad as 
before. These samples serve to illustrate how the unhealthy condition of a European 
settlement is brought about often by the Europeans themselves, by permitting the 
natives to settle beside them, and further by the unwitting neglect of elementary 
sanitary and engineering principles. 
Parts of the small hill-streams already referred to as running in the shallow 
valleys a .0 provided Anopheles breeding places. These streams become torrents 
during heavy rain, quickly washing out any larvae ; but, during gentle rains, parts of 
