EXAMINATION OF SOME SPINAL NERVES 119 
Fth Cervical Root. — Elevation, abduction and some outward rotation of the shoulder; flexion of 
elbow, the wrist becoming slightly supine ; slight radial abduction of wrist. Very 
slight lateral adduction-flexion of neck toward side simulated, with some (slight) 
retraction of neck and head. 
FIth Cervical Root. — Moderate adduction at shoulder ; strong flexion of elbow ; slight extension 
of digits and hand (not in every individual). Some supination of wrist, slight 
extension of wrist in most individuals, but in a few flexion and not extension of wrist. 
In one individual flexion of fingers was obtained from this root, but that may have 
been due to mechanical effect of extension of wrist, which if extreme in Macacus 
partially flexes the fingers. Very slight lateral adduction-flexion of neck toward side 
stimulated, and slight retraction of neck and head. 
Filth Cervical Root. — Retraction and strong adduction at shoulder, with some inward rotation of 
arm ; the arm is carried across the body. Extension of elbow ; slight flexion at wrist 
and some pronation ; slight flexion of the fingers. The shoulder is drawn down- 
wards. Slight retraction and lateral flexion of neck. 
Flllth Cervical Root. — The shoulder drawn downwards (latissimus dorsi). The adduction is not 
so extreme as in case of Root VII. Rotation inwards of arm ; flexion and pronation 
of wrist ; flexion of fingers, and of thumb with opposition. 
IXth = 1st thoracic. — Retraction of shoulder ; slight lateral flexion and retraction of neck. Slight 
extension at elbow, flexion at wrist with pronation, flexion of fingers and tliumb with 
opposition of the latter : there is usually a slight adduction of wrist toward ulnar side. 
Xth = Unci thoracic. — Retraction of shoulder, slight flexion of wrist, flexion of fingers and thumb 
with opposition of the latter ; sometimes slight pronation at wrist. Lateral curving 
of the spinal column. 
My results agree, therefore, with those of Ferrier and Yeo* more closely than with 
FoRGUE and LANNEGRACEt ; the latter omit the important Ilnd thoracic root altogether. 
I subjoin some observations on the effect on limb movement of the section of certain roots, 
the rest remaining intact : - 
Cynocephaius : — Total transverse division of spinal cord midway between the Vth and Vlth cervical 
roots ; the position was almost utmost flexion of both elbows, forearms three-quarter supine, fingers 
semiflexed, thumb slightly, and the elbows tilted rather forwards, the hands lying by their radial borders 
upon the mouth. The elbows could be voluntarily still further flexed, hut not further unflexed. (Fig. 
14 in text, p. 120.) 
Macaque : — All the left side brachial roots, except the Vlth cervical, severed in the vertebral canal 
and allowed to degenerate. The left upper limb was held constantly flexed at elbow at angle of about 
100° ; it was never extended, but was frequently still more fully flexed ; the wrist was occasionally slightly 
extended ; the arm could not be lifted voluntarily above the head ; the fingers seemed quite paralyzed ; 
food was pushed into the mouth with the back of the wrist. 
Two Macaques : — The Vth as well as the Vlth roots had been left intact, all the other brachial 
roots having been severed. The elbow was held flexed, the wrist was usually extended ; the fingers were 
' Proc. Roy. Soc.,' 1883. 
t ' Gazette Hcbdomadaire des Sciences Medic, de Montpellier,' 1883. 
