44 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
differences between varieties. "Flat" does not mean "not rough," 
but refers to the fact that the edges of the leaf are on the same 
plane, more or less, as the mid-rib, whereas in those with "curled 
leaves " the edges are tucked under. Most of the leaves on old 
canes are curled in high summer. 
The varieties have again been subdivided into " young canes smooth" 
and " young canes spiny," and a note of explanation is perhaps 
necessary here. In almost every Raspberry there are spines in varying 
degrees at the base of the young canes, but there are several varieties 
that are characteristically smooth on the upper two- thirds of the cane, 
whilst others are spiny throughout, and this character appears to be 
fairly constant. It is to the upper portion of the canes that the remarks 
refer, ignoring for the purpose of this grouping the lower six inches or 
so near the ground level. 
The colour of the canes in summer, confined in a broad way to 
" brown " or " reddish," serves as a useful line of demarcation between 
certain varieties. The absence or presence of spines on the pedicels 
as a distinguishing feature may at first appear undeterminable, as 
the degree of smoothness or the reverse varies often on the same 
canes, but certain varieties have undoubtedly more frequently smooth 
pedicels, whilst others are decidedly spiny, and in cases where the 
variation in this character on one plant is considerable and entirely 
" unfixed," it is noted that the pedicels have few spines. The forms 
of fruit, " round " or " conical," need no explanation. 
The colour of [the foliage, whether dark, or light, although perhaps 
variable in different localities, should answer when more than one 
variety is grown and comparison possible. 
Key to Summer -fruiting Varieties. 
FRUITS RED. 
Foliage Curled. 
Young Canes Smooth. 
Foliage dark, old canes brown, pedicels with few spines, fruits conical. 
(a) Young canes green — Superlative.* 
(b) Young canes with light purple bloom — Condor. 
Hornet. 
Pyne's Royal. 
Young Canes Spiny. 
Foliage dark, old canes brown, pedicels spiny. 
(a) Fruits conical. 
(1) Young canes with purple bloom — The Devon. 
(2) Young canes green — Norwich Wonder. 
(b) Fruits round— Brown's Excelsior. 
Foliage dark, old canes reddish, pedicels spiny, fruit round — Profusion. 
Foliage light coloured, old canes brown, pedicels with few spines, fruit 
round — Fastolf. 
Foliage light coloured, old canes reddish brown, pedicels smooth, fruit 
round — Penwill's Champion. 
Old Red Antwerp. 
Sometimes with a few small spines on canes. 
