20 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Mundi ' and ' Zuccamaglio's Reinette ' take this form in their youth, 
but as the trees gain age and crop the branches are much pulled down. 
I have seen no such permanently fastigiate forms as in the Pears or 
among the 1 Duke ' Cherries. 
Of the flat umbrella-like heads ' Royal Jubilee ' is characteristic, 
and of the trees which are upright but slightly spreading, making vase- 
shaped heads, ' Court Pendu Plat ' and ' Reinette de Caux ' may be 
cited. 
An examination of the shoots of Apples is of value in determining 
varieties, but both the colour of the wood and the shape of the buds are 
less marked than in Pears and Plums. 
We find the stout dwarf shoots in which the internodes are re- 
markably short in the same way as in other fruits. ' Royal Jubilee/ 
' May Queen,' ' Clark's Seedling ' are remarkable in this respect. 
The whippy shoots with long internodes are found in ' Winter Banana ' 
and ' Cockle's Pippin/ etc. The colour of the shoots is extremely 
difficult to describe, and though often perceptible to the eye it is almost 
impossible to relate it to any colours in the standard charts. 
It is noticeably deeper, as a rule, on the sunny side of the shoot, but 
it is often much obscured by the grey down with which many varieties 
are covered and also the silvery " scarf skin " which develops on a well- 
ripened shoot. The absence or presence of down is very noticeable 
in many varieties, and it is curious that so many American varieties are 
almost free from it. The dark-red shining wood of many of these is so 
noticeable that one could guess the origin of an unknown Apple from 
this character and be right nine times out of ten. The lenticels are a 
well-known feature and are used by most pomologists in their de- 
scriptions, and their prominence in such varieties as ' Wellington/ 
' Hector McDonald, ' and ' Newton Wonder ' is well known. They are, of 
course, often obscured by the down on the shoot. 
In studying the forms of wood-buds there is very little that is 
helpful in the Apple. A slight difference may be found in the shape of 
the bud, if obtuse or sharply pointed, but the variations are not very 
patent to the eye. American writers distinguish varieties in which 
the bud is closely applied to the wood or slightly away from it. In 
our British varieties, however, I cannot observe enough difference to be 
of much value diagnostically. A more valuable character is the colour 
of the wood-bud. This largely depends on the presence or absence of 
down ; those in which it is lacking show up the reddish or chocolate 
colour of the bud scales and may be called " red," while those in which 
the down remains are called "grey." Examples of "red" are 
' Golden Spire/ ' Duchess of Oldenburg,' ' Early Victoria,' ' Newton 
Wonder ' ; of the " grey " ' Allington Pippin/ ' Wellington/ ' Mother,' 
' Court Pendu Plat,' ' Beauty of Bath,' and ' Ribston Pippin.' 
The fruit-buds often offer remarkable differences in colour and 
shape ; the colour, as in the wood-buds, depends on the presence or 
absence of hair; such varieties as 'Lord Grosvenor,' 'Ben's Red,' 
' Golden Spire, ' and ' Duchess of Oldenburg ' having buds which are 
