NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
IOI 
Evaporation of Grapes, The. By W. V. Cruess, A. W. Christie, and 
F. C. H. Flossfeder (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Cal., Bull. 322, June 1920; 11 figs.). — 
Drying has proved to be one of the best methods of converting the wine-grapes 
of California into a non-perishable, saleable product, but as in many parts of the 
grape-growing districts the fruit ripens late much of it gets spoilt by the early 
rains when dried in the sun. 
An evaporator of the horizontal tunnel air-blast type, and of six tons of fresh 
fruit capacity each charge, has been constructed on the university farm at Davis, 
and has been most successful in drying the grapes. 
Plans, cost, and specifications are included in this bulletin. — V. G. J. 
Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. By W. B. Turrill. — Appears to be a shade- 
loving species, native in Macedonia. The flowers are dark, or pale yellowish, 
green with a purple tinge, and without tessellations. The plants grow about 
12 inches high. — F. J. C. 
Frost, and the Prevention of Damage by it. By Floyd D. Young (U.S.A. 
Dep. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin 1096; 24 figs.). — All frost protection methods can 
be carried on more successfully if the processes by which the earth's surface 
cools at night and the factors which influence the rate of cooling are well under- 
stood. This bulletin gives in a simple manner a description of the changes 
that take place at or near the earth's surface on a frosty night, and describes 
various methods and devices now being used for protection against frost, 
together with a chapter on temperatures injurious to plants, blossoms, and fruits. 
V.G.J. 
Frost Protection in Lemon Orchards. By A. D. Shamel, L. B. Scott, and 
C. S. Pomeroy (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bull. 821, June 1920; 15 figs.). — These data 
show that in orchards which were protected with an adequate supply of heaters 
during the cold weather of 191 2-1 3, a large percentage of fruit was saved and 
harvested throughout the year. — V. G. J. 
Grape Syrup, Commercial Production of. By W. V. Cruess (U.S.A. Exp. 
Stn., Cal., Bull. 321, May 1920 ; 5 figs.). — Grape syrup has a great many different 
uses, and its manufacture presents one of the most promising methods of profit- 
ably utilizing the crop of wine grapes. 
It requires only the use of the present wine-making machinery, plus vacuum 
pan equipment of the kind already installed in some vineyards. — V. G. J. 
Insect Injuries in Relation to Apple Grading. By B. B. Fulton (U.S. 
Exp. Stn., Geneva, N.Y., Bull. 475, May 1920, pp. 5-42; 17 figs., 4 plates, 2 
charts). — This Bulletin deals with the numerous injuries and blemishes on mature 
apples caused by insects, fungi and natural causes. 
A key is given to identify these injuries.. By the careful isolation of fruit 
clusters, covering them with light cages made of copper wire and black gauze, 
and introducing various pests into these bags, the typical damage of any particular 
pest could be ascertained. 
Several of the insects causing blemishes are not British, but amongst our 
pests included in this Bulletin are the Codling Moth, Casebearers (Coleophora sp.), 
Bud Moth, and Rosy Apple Aphis (Aphis sorbi). 
With these defects caused by insects are compared those caused by mechanical 
means, as bruises, hail, constant rubbing of fruit against a limb, frost injury, 
spray injury, sunburn, scab, and bitter-pit. 
A chart shows the periods during which the insects are actively injurious 
to fruit. Some pests, as the Codling Moth, San Jose Scale, and Apple-maggot 
are often injurious after the fruit has been stored or packed for market. 
As is pointed out, not only do these injuries lower the market value of the 
fruit, but many of the insects reduce the yield by destroying the flowers, pre- 
venting the setting of fruit and causing premature dropping. 
Two tables are given clearly showing when to spray and what to use for the 
various pests mentioned, and formulae for lime-sulphur washes are given. 
The damage done to the fruit is shown on two well-coloured plates, 
making identification unmistakable. — G. F. W. 
Insecticides and Fungicides. (Jour. Min. Agr. vol. xxvii. No. 7, Oct. 1921, 
pp. 628-631.) — A few short notes are given explaining a Bill, which has been 
drafted at the request of the Chamber of Horticulture and a section of Insecti- 
cide and Fungicide manufacturers, to ensure the grower against materials of 
inferior quality. On grounds of national economy this Bill is postponed, 
but several manufacturers are prepared to meet the terms of the Bill without 
