l62 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
3. In spite of this, tipping has delayed cropping, except in the case 
of two varieties, by a considerable period. 
4. In nearly every case the fruit of the tipped trees is larger than 
that of the unpruned trees, often to a very considerable extent. 
5. Tipping has checked the biennial bearing habit, but in one or 
two cases the habit is now beginning to appear amongst the tipped 
trees. 
6. The tipped trees of several varieties are increasing, in size of 
head, more rapidly than the unpruned trees, and in one or two cases 
are already larger. Of other varieties, the unpruned trees are still 
growing more rapidly. 
7. The tipped trees are much less affected by scab (black spot), 
apple mildew, and common canker than the unpruned trees. 
8. The effects of " open centre " pruning are in general similar 
to those of tipping, but much less marked. The open centre trees 
probably set more of their blossom than the unpruned trees ; their 
fruit is larger and slightly freer from scab. The cropping of some 
varieties is delayed or reduced by open centre pruning ; of others it 
is increased. 
9. " Short-spur pruning " always tends to reduce blossoming, at 
least up to the eighth year. But in several cases the " short-spur 
pruned " trees have set a larger proportion of their blossom than the 
" long-spur pruned " trees, and in one or two cases have produced a 
larger total number of fruits. Of some varieties the laterals often 
die when short-spur pruned, leaving the wood bare. 
10. It is essential to adapt methods of pruning to the habit of 
growth and fruiting of each variety ; failure to do this often results 
in long-delayed cropping and heavy loss. 
