NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
205 
NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
[For Index to Abbreviations, etc., see volume xlv.] 
Aphid, Pink and Green, The Life-History and Biology of the. By Loren 
B. Smith (U.S.A. Truck Exp. Stn., Va., Bull. 27, April 191 9 ; 11 figs., 5 tables). 
■ — The pink and green aphid (Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead) is one of the 
most serious pests the Eastern Virginia market gardeners have to contend with. 
The outbreaks are becoming more serious each year on potatos, tomatos, and 
spinach. Besides direct injury, which this insect causes, it has been found to 
be one of the chief agents in the transmission of spinach blight. — V. G. J. 
Aphids Injurious to Orchard Fruits, Currant, Gooseberry, and Grape, Control 
of. By A. L. Quaintance and A. C. Baker (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Farmers' Bull. 
1128, June 1920 ; 34 figs.). — A useful bulletin for reference, over thirty kinds 
of aphis being described with their life-histories and methods of control. — A . P. 
Apple Orchards, Plant Lice injurious to, II. Newly Hatched Aphids, 
Studies on Control of, II. By P. J. Parrott, H. E. Hodgkiss, and F. H. Lathrop 
(U.S.A. Dep. Agr., New York Agr. Exp. Stn., Bull. 431, March 1917; 1 plate, 
3 figs., 18 tabies). — This is the second report of life-history studies and experi- 
ments with the apple aphides (Aphis sorbi, aveni, and pomi), which have for their 
object the establishment of efficient spraying practices for the protection of 
bearing apple orchards. — V. G. J. 
Apple Root Weevil. By W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. xxxi. pp. 
55-60 ; 1 fig., 1 plate). — Much damage to apple trees is caused by the Apple 
Root Weevil (Leptops hopei). This beetle lays its eggs on the leaf of the tree, 
gumming the other side over them. When the larvae hatch out, they descend 
the trunk of the tree, burrow down in the soil and attack the roots, causing 
them to decay. 
A frill of sheet tin or oiled paper round the stem prevents the beetles ascending 
the tree, and the larvae can be destroyed by grease banding. The adult weevils 
and their larvae are depicted in the accompanying plate. — S. E. W. 
Apple Spurs, Seasonable Changes in the Chemical Composition of. By H. D. 
Hooker, jun. (U.S.A. Exp. Sin., Missouri, Res. Bull. 40, September 1920). — 
Samples of apple spurs, with leaves, flowers, or fruits removed, were collected at 
intervals during a year, and their chemical composition studied in relation to 
their physiological condition. A complete picture of the chemical life-history 
of an apple spur during the two-year cycle it usually passes through is given, 
and its relation to the habit characteristic of many varieties of bearing in 
alternate years is discussed. — A. N. R. 
Apple Spurs, The Relation of Carbohydrates and Nitrogen to the Behaviour 
of. By E. M. Harvey and A. E. Murnuk (Oregon Agr. Coll. Exp. Stn., Bull. 176, 
April 192 1). — The results of these experiments emphasize the fact that the 
setting of fruit in the apple is determined largely by the amount of foliage present 
on the spur. Defoliation hindered fruit-bud formation, as shown by the fact that 
' Jonathan,' ' Grimes,' and ' Wagener ' spurs were able to produce only 38 • 7 per 
cent., 54*6 per cent., and 58*6 per cent., respectively, on defoliated spurs as 
compared with the untreated spurs. Defoliation considerably modified the 
chemical composition of the spurs, and the possible cause and value of the rather 
consistent increase effected in the carbohydrate-nitrogen ratio is discussed. The 
effects of defoliation on spurs suggest a high degree of "individuality," or 
dependence of the spur on its own leaves for normal activity. In every case 
defloration increased the leaf area of the spur. Defoliation was found to have a 
direct effect upon the setting of fruit, the number of fruits per spur varying 
with the area of the foliage of the spur. — A . N. R. 
Apple Tree Fruiting every other Year (Jour. Dep. Agr., Vict. July 1919, p. 421). 
— An illustration of this biennial bearing habit is quoted by B. S. Brown in the 
Journal of Heredity. One-half of the tree had been grafted with Gravenstein, 
while the other half was of the original variety of a Russian type. For some 
