NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
213 
well-known apple pests, and a list of 38 of the commoner insects injurious to the 
apple, and which are also hawthorn feeders, is given in the paper. 
It is suggested, in view of the fact that the wild hawthorns are hosts of many 
apple, pear, and quince pests, and also of many potential insect pests, they 
should either be removed from the vicinity of orchards, or at least given in- 
secticidal treatment, so that the cumulative benefit of spraying an orchard 
several years in succession may not be lost by the surrounding country con- 
tinually providing a new supply of pests. — G. W. G. 
Heat, Control of Stem Girdle of Spruce Transplants caused by Excessive. By 
C. F. Korstian and N. J. Fetherolf (Phytopathology, xi. pp. 485-490 ; Dec. 1921). — ■ 
Observations showed that many seedlings transplanted so that their heads in- 
clined to the north died, while those inclined to the south lived. This is attributed 
to the killing of the cambium by the great heat incident upon the stems. — F.J.C. 
Hedges, Ornamental. By B. (Irish Gard. 14, p. 4; Jan. 1919). — Praises 
Berberis stenophylla (fig.) as a hedge plant, and suggests B. Gagnepainii, B. 
subcaulialata, B. aggregata (fig.), B. Prattii and B. Chitria, Ligustrum Delavayi, 
L. Prattii, and L. Henryi, Cotoneaster salici folia, C. Dielsiana, C. Franchetii, 
C. bullata, Rosa Moyesii, and R. Davidii, and for enclosing a heath garden Erica 
mediterranea is suggested as suitable. — F. J. C. 
Honey Locust Tree. By W. H. Potts (Agr. Gaz. N.S.W. xxxi. pp. 85-90; 
7 figs.). — The Honey Locust Tree (Gleditschia triacanthus) is easily raised from 
seed. It is a vigorous grower and makes good hedges and wind breaks, providing 
shade and protection from wind and storm for stock. It is specially recommended 
for swine as it yields crops of beans which provide nourishing food. — S. E. W. 
Insect Activity, the Effect of Storm Phenomena on, Observations on. By 
D. C. Parman (Jour. Econ. Entom. vol. xiii. pp. 339-343 ; Aug. 1920). — The 
author discusses the effect of varying barometric pressures on insect life, particu- 
larly with reference to Muscids and related diptera. A detailed account of 
several severe storms is given with observations on the behaviour of the flies 
amongst the stock, and also in cages in the laboratory. It was noted that during 
storms the flies died mostly when the barometer was falling rapidly. It is stated 
that species of Muscids first become nervously active and then pass into a state 
of partial coma ; during this state they are more likely to suffer from mechanical 
agencies, such as heavy rain and wind. Conversely, observations of insects 
at room windows and lights at night showed them to be most active during 
high barometric periods — other conditions, such as temperature and humidity, 
being favourable — and especially so when the barometer is rising. Further, 
bred adult diptera tend to emerge during high barometric readings and heavy 
emergencies, apparently always with a high barometer. — G. W. G. 
Insect Fauna of Permanent Pasture of Cheshire, Observations on the. By 
H. M. Morris (Ann. App. Biol. vii. Nos. 2-3, pp. 141-155 ; 1 fig.). — A census of 
the Insect Fauna of a permanent pasture taken in September 191 6 and 191 7. 
In the immediate neighbourhood were arable fields of Potatos, Mangolds, Oats, 
Wheat, Clover, etc., with a small wood of Beech, Oak, Alder, etc. 
A map of the locality is given, together with a description of the fields and 
their crops during 191 6 and 191 7. 
Chemical, mechanical, and botanical analyses of the soil are given. 
The census of Insects gave a population of 3,586,088 to the acre, made 
up of the following orders : Collembola, 566,680 ; Rhynchota, 15,140 ; Thysan- 
optera, 43,258 ; Lepidoptera, 15,140 ; Coleoptera, 744,038 ; Diptera, 2,193,180 ; 
and Hymenoptera, 8,652. The noteworthy economic insects were Agriotes, 
larvae 114,634; adults 8,652; Triphaena pronuba, larvae and pupae, 4,326; 
Tipula oleracea and paludosa, larvae 19,466. — G. F. W. 
Insects, Cold Storage Control of. By E. R. De Ong (Journ. Econ. Entom. 
vol. xiv. pp. 444-447, Oct. 1921). — It may be concluded from the experiments 
here reported, that dried fruit stored at any temperature from io° F. to 3 6° F. 
will be free from injury by insects during storage ; further, that all stages of 
the insects experimented upon (unless it be the egg) would be dead at the end of 
the third or fourth month. A temperature of 45 0 to 50 0 F. causes dormancy, 
but only a low mortality. It was found also that the action of bacteria and 
fungi was suspended during storage. The experiments were conducted with 
Plodia interpunctella (Indian meal moth), Carpophilus hemipterus (dried fruit 
beetle), Silvanus surinamensis (saw- toothed grain beetle), Tenebrioides mauri- 
tanicus (cadelle), and Carpoglyphus passularum (dried fruit mite). — G. W. G. 
Insecticides, Dust, in California. By E. O. Essig (Journ. Econ. Entom. 
vol. 14, pp. 392-394, Oct. 192 1). — -Promising results have recently been obtained 
