NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 
215 
The results show the danger of such places carrying over serious pests of 
crops from year to year, and the obvious suggestion is to keep hedgerows and 
headlands clean. Pests of grasses may be divided into two groups : (1) those 
which feed on the grass, and (2) those which shelter among grass- during the 
winter. 
The observations made in this paper deal with those insects which, although 
they use grasses for food or shelter, migrate to cultivated crops, when available, 
to (1) complete their life-histories, (2) develop a later brood, or (3) for food when 
the crop is at a critical stage. 
During the winter period, such well-known pests as the larvae of Agriotes, 
Cockchafer, Frit Fly, and Crane Flies, etc., were found feeding ; and the Bean 
Weevil, Sitones, was found hibernating. 
During the summer period, besides those found in the winter, were the larvse 
of Swift Moth, June Bug, Lema melanopa, etc. 
Natural enemies include Larks and Jackdaws, Ground Beetles, Carabids, 
and their larvae, and Hymenopterous parasites. — G. F. W. 
Leaf Fall: Chemical Changes accompanying Abscission in Coleus Blumei. 
By Homer C. Sampson (Bot. Gaz. vol. lxvi. No. 1, July 1918, pp. 32-53). — 
The investigations described in this paper were undertaken to determine some 
of the internal changes accompanying abscission of leaves. Coleus Biumei var. 
' Golden Bedder ' was chosen for study, partly on account of its ease of propagation, 
but mainly for its simplicity of analysis owing to the absence of protective 
tissue at the time of abscission. 
It was found that " abscission was the result of the conversion of cellulose 
into pectose, which was further transformed to pectin and pectic^ acid, leading 
to the formation of an excess amount of pectic acid over that of the available 
calcium sufficient to maintain the solidity of the middle lamella of the cell walls 
of the abscission layer." These processes were possibly initiated and probably 
accelerated by the presence of oxidases and ferric ions, both of which accumulate 
in the abscission layer. — R. J. L. 
Lecania of Michigan, The, by R. H. Pettit ; and Eugenia, Mr. Daniel (U.S.A. 
Exp. Stn., Mich., Tech. Bull. 48, March 1920 ; 7 plates, 16 figs.). — This paper is the 
result of collections made during a long period of years. It may be of use to 
the student engaged in the study of coccids, and make easier the identification 
of species of economic importance, in order that the control experiments may 
be more exact. — V. G. J. 
Loganberry, Training and Cultivation of. By A. A. Hammond (Jour. Dep. 
Agr. t Vict. July 1920, pp. 417-425). — For commercial growth, one wire is 
found the most economical. The height recommended for a single wire trellis 
is from 3 ft. to 3 it. 6 in. Posts about 5 feet long, sunk 2 feet in the ground, 
are placed 15 feet apait in the rows, the distance between the rows being from 
6 to 8 feet. The end posts are braced. Galvanized barbed wire is then strained 
taut and stapled to the top of the posts. The advantage of using barbed wire 
is that the canes are held firmly in place by the barbs, and are not biown about 
by the wind when carrying a crop of berries, as is the case when plain wire is 
used. The canes are taken up in a bundle and wound around the wire in one 
direction, and are cut or broken off, and tied before reaching the next plant 
in the row. This system of training is called the rope system. The fact that 
some buds are suppressed by the rope system of training is compensated by the 
increased vigour and fruitfulness of the remaining buds. To enable cultivation 
to be carried on during summer the growing canes are trained along the ground 
close to the trellis. The canes are kept in place by clods of earth, a shovelful 
of soil, or a few pegs. The pruning consists in removing the old canes im- 
mediately after fruiting, also shortening back of canes if required after winding 
them around the wire, so as not to allow one plant to encroach on the space of 
the next ; any weakly canes are cut out ; lateral growths may be cut back to a 
few buds or completely removed. Canes to be removed should be cut as close 
to the crown as possible. Ten to twenty tons an acre of stable manure is found 
to be the best fertilizer. The manure is spread over the land between the rows 
and ploughed in after the canes have been put up. Where artificial manure has 
to be used, one part bone dust, one part superphosphate, and one part sulphate 
of potash is recommended, applied at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre. About five 
pickers an acre are usually required for gathering the crop. It is best to 
pick in the cool of the morning, especially with fully ripe berries. Each picker 
is supplied with a hand carrier holding 8 punnets. The fruit is sent to market 
in 40-punnet crates, five tiers of 8 one-pound punnets, with four trays or slides 
having cleats, which prevent the berries being crushed. Wooden buckets are 
