HEMOGLOBIN IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 187 
(In Amphioxus Lankester failed to obtain spectroscopic evidence of the pre- 
sence of haemoglobin, though Wilhelm Midler of Jena had described the 
corpuscles of this vertebrate as of a pale red colour.) : 
(b) In the perivisceral fluid of some species of the vermian genera, 
Glycera, Capitilla, and Phoronis: 
(c) In the lamellibranchiate molluscs Solen and Area. 
2. Diffused in a vascular or ambient liquid — 
(a) In the peculiar vascular system of the chsetopodous annelids, very 
generally, but with apparently arbitrary exceptions : 
(b) In the vascular system (which represents a reduced perivisceral cavity) 
of certain leeches (Nephelis, Hirudo), but not of all : 
(c) In the vascular system of certain turbellarians, as in Polia sanguirubra : 
(d) In a special vascular system (distinct from the general blood system) 
of a marine parasitic crustacean (undescribed), observed by Professor Edouard 
van Beneden : 
(e) In the general blood system of the larva of the dipterous insect 
Chironomus ; and in Musca domestical 
(/) In the general blood system of the pulmonate mollusc Planorbis. Mr. 
II. C. Sorby expressed the opinion that probably the colouring matter found in 
the blood of Planorbis is not identical with haemoglobin. I have shown, how- 
ever, that the position of the absorption-bands of the colouring matter of the 
blood of Planorbis coincides exactly with that of the haemoglobin bands : 2 
(g) In the general blood system of the crustaceans Daphnia and 
Cheirocephalus (Lankester) ; also in Apus and Cypris. 3 
3. Diffused in the substance of muscular tissue — 
(a) In the voluntary muscles generally of Mammalia, and probably of 
birds, and in some muscles of reptiles : 
(b) In the muscles of the dorsal fin of the fish Hippocampus, being 
generally absent from the voluntary muscular tissue of fish : 
(c) In the muscular tissue of the heart of Vertebrata generally : 
(d) In the unstriped muscular tissue of the rectum of man, being absent 
from the unstriped muscular tissue of the alimentary canal generally : 
(e) In the muscles of the pharynx and odontophore of the gastropodous 
molluscs (observed in Lymna'us, Paludina, Littorina, Patella, Chiton, 
Aplysia), and of the pharyngeal gizzard of Aplypia, being entirely absent from 
the rest of the muscular and other tissues and the blood of these molluscs : 
(/) In the muscular tissue of the pharyngeal tube of Aphrodite aculeata 
(Lankester), being absent from the rest of the muscular tissue, and from the 
blood in this animal, and absent from the muscular tissue generally in all 
other annelids, as far as yet examined. 
4. Diffused in the substance of nervous tissue — 
(a) In the chain of nerve ganglia of Aphrodite aculeata (Lankester). In 
this annelid the chain of nerve ganglia possesses a bright crimson colour. The 
colour is most intense in the supra-cesophageal ganglion, which has as intense 
a colour as a drop of fresh human blood. The colour impregnates the nerve 
itself, and is not contained hi a liquid bathing the tissue : 
(/>) An exactly similar observation has been made by Hubrecht, who found 
haemoglobin in the red-coloured cerebral ganglia of certain Xemertine worms, 
which possess no coloured blood corpuscles. 4 
1 MacMunn, "Animal Chromatology," Proc. Birmingham Phil. Soc, vol. iii. p. 
130 (quoted at second-hand). 
2 Gamgee, "A Text-Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body," vol. i. p. 131. 
3 Regnard et Blanchard, "Note sur la presence de rhemoglobine dans le sang des 
crustaces branchiopodes," Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1883, pp. 19.7-200. 
4 A. A. W. Hubrecht, " Uutersuch. ueber Nemertinen aus dem Golf von Neapel," 
Nicderland. Arch. f. Zoologie, 1S76, Heft 3, Abstract in Jahresb. U. d. Fortsekr. d. Thier- 
Chcia., Wiesbaden, Bd. vi. S. 92. 
