3 68 CHEMISTR Y OF THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES. 
These results show that, even in the same form of fistula, the amount of 
total solids and of organic matter is a very variable quantity. This is also 
shown by the results obtained by others. In the dog, Bernard found the 
total solids in temporary secretion, 86 to 100 per 1000; Tiedemann and 
Gmelin, 87 per 1000; Skrebitzki, 23 to 56 per 1000; in the sheep, Tiede- 
mann and Gmelin, 36 to 52 per 1000; in the horse, Hoppe-Seyler, 8'88 
organic, 8'59 inorganic, per 1000; in the rabbit, Heidenhain, 17'6 per 1000; 
in the sheep, Heidenhain, 14-3 to 36 -9 per 1000. 
Very few analyses of human pancreatic juice have been made, and 
it- lias never been obtained under quite normal conditions. Herter 1 
obtained pancreatic juice, containing all three ferments, from an enlarged 
duct, due to carcinoma of the duodenum, which contained per 1000 parts, 
241 parts of total solids, 17"9 parts of organic matter, 6'2 parts of ash. 
Zawadski 2 has more recently published an account of human pancreatic 
juice, obtained from a pancreatic fistula, remaining after removal of a 
pancreatic tumour. This sample resembled in composition those ob- 
tained from temporary fistulas in animals, much more closely than 
Herter 's sample; it possessed a powerful digestive action, and probably 
was an almost normal secretion. It contained, per 1000 parts, 135'9 of 
total solids, 92 parts of proteids, 34 parts of inorganic • matter, the 
remainder being organic matter soluble in alcohol. 
Bate of secretion. — The figures given by various observers for the 
total quantity of pancreatic juice secreted in twenty-four hours vary 
greatly, and it is impossible to state an average quantity with any 
approach to accuracy. Figures obtained from observations on permanent 
fistula- greatly exceed those obtained from temporary fistula?. Bidder and 
Schmidt place the yield in the dog, at the rate of temporary secretion, at 
2*5 grms. per kilo, of body weight per diem. At this rate a man of 70 
kilos. (154 lbs.) would secrete 175 grms. of pancreatic juice per diem. 
SUCCUS EXTERICUS. 
The secretion of the small intestine may be obtained in animals, 
unmixed with the other digestive secretions, by one of two forms of fistula. 
The first form of fistula was introduced by Thiry, 3 and is made by 
cutting across the intestine at two places, 10 to 30 cms. apart, without 
interfering with the blood supply, restoring the continuity of the 
intestine, stitching up one end of the isolated piece, and uniting the 
other to the wound in the abdominal wall. The second form due to 
Vella, 4 is a modification in which both ends of the isolated piece of gut 
are left open and stitched to the abdominal wall one above the other. 5 
Thiry describes the succas entericus as a limpid, opalescent, light 
yellow-coloured fluid, strongly alkaline in reaction, and possessing a 
specific gravity of 1010. 
It contains proteid and mucin, and much carbonate, as shown 
by effervescence with dilute acids. According to Bohmann, 6 in the dog, 
1 Ztschr. f.physiol. Ghem., Strassburg, 1880, Bd. iv. S. 160. 
- Ccntralbl.f. Physiol., Leipzig u. Wien, 1891, Bd. v. S. 179. 
:; Sitzungsb. d. h. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, 1864, Bd. 1. Abth. 1, S. 77. 
4 Untersueh. z. Xattirl. d. Mensch. u. d. Thierc, 1888, Bd. xiii. S. 40. For details as 
to establishing such fistulse, see Gamgee, "Physiological Chemistry," vol. ii. pp. 406-408. 
5 For a full description of the methods of collecting intestinal juice, see article on 
•• Mechanism of Intestinal Secretion." 
6 Arch,/, d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1887, Bd. xli. S. 424. 
