URINE AND ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 
573 
other case, upon a diet of bread with a little butter, again with water 
as a beverage : — 
Meat Diet. 
Bread Diet. 
Total measure of urine in twenty-four hours 
1672 c.c. 
1920 c.c. 
Urea ...... 
67 "2 grms. 
20-6 grins. 
Creatinine 
2-163 ,, 
0-961 ,, 
Uric acid . 
1-398 ,, 
0-253 „ 
Sulphuric acid (total) 
4-674 „ 
1-265 ,, 
Phosphoric acid 
3-437 „ 
1-658 ,, 
Lime 
0-328 „ 
0-339 ,, 
Magnesia . 
0-294 ,, 
0-139 ,, 
Potash 
3-308 ,, 
1-314 ,, 
Soda 
3-991 ,, 
3-923 ,, 
Chlorine . 
3-817 ,, 
4-99G ,, 
These analyses are interesting as showing the effect of two widely 
differing forms of diet ; but they must not be taken as typical of the 
relative effect of animal and vegetable diet in any absolute sense. As 
regards such factors, for instance, as the relative proportion between 
urea and uric acid, we shall find that, even when one or other of the 
two types of diet (animal or vegetable) is adhered to, great differences 
may be seen as the effect of variation in the specific composition of 
either. Indeed, no great importance must be attached to the details of 
collective quantitative analyses of the urine, except where the diet itself 
has been simultaneously analysed. While abundant observations of this 
kind have been published, relating to particular constituents of the 
urine, no collective analyses appear to have been made upon the same 
specimen of urine after a diet of known quantity and composition. 
The following figures, which give the mean of many determinations 
made by Yvon and Berlioz, show the differences in the excretion of 
certain constituents by males and females respectively : — 
Male. 
Female. 
Per Litre. 
Per Diem. 
Per Litre. 
Per Diem. 
Specific gravity 
1-0225 
1-0215 
Volume . 
1360 c.c. 
1100 c.c. 
Urea 
21 "5 grms. 
26 "5 grms. 
19'0 grms. 
20 "5 grms. 
Uric acid 
0-5 ,, 
0-6 ,, 
0-55 ,, 
0-57 ,, 
Phosphoric acid 
2-5 ,, 
3-4 /, 
2-4 „ 
2-6 ,, 
The Quantity of Urine and its Specific Gravity. 
A human adult excretes from 1200 to 1700 c.c. of urine in the 
twenty -four hours, or about 1 c.c. per kilo, of body weight per hour. 
During sleep the amount is less than at other times. The specific 
gravity commonly varies from 1015 to 1025, and is, in general, inversely 
as the quantity excreted. 
