TEMPERATURE OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 
791 
Animals. 
A\ erage Et< tal 
1 . mperature. 
Extremes of 
Observations. 
Number ol 
Observations. 
Observer. 
Fowl (common) 
Duck . . . | 
Goose . 
Pigeon . 
Ostrich . 
42° -8 (109°-0) 
41°-6 (106"-9) 
43°'6 (H0°-5) 
42-1 (107 o, 8) 
41°7 (107°-0) 
40°-9 (105°-6) 
37°-3 (99 3, 2) 
41 7-43°-9 
40 o -6-43 D -0 
43°'4-43°-9 
41°-4-43°-0 
41°-l-41°-7 
40°-0-42°'5 
36°-9-37°-8 
On 11 fowls 
On 111 fowls 
On 8 ducks 
On 24 ducks 
On 5 geese 
20 on 4 pigeons 
On 5 ostriches 
Davy. 1 
Hobday. 2 
Davy. 1 
Hobday. 2 
Davy. ' 
Corin and Van 
Beneden. 3 
Hobday. 2 
In the next table are collected the results of various observations 
upon other mammals and birds ; in most of these cases the figure given 
for the temperature represents the result of a single observation 4 : — 
Animal. 
Temperature. 
Place of Observation. 
Observer. 
Monkey (Simla aygv 
39°-7 (103 = -5) 
Rectum 
Davy. 
Ass .... 
36°*95 ( 98°*5) 
Hunter. 5 
Elk ... 
39°-4 (103 ) 
J? 
Davy. B 
Goat .... 
39°'4 (103°) 
,, 
jj 
Tiger .... 
37°'2 ( 99°) 
,, 
>> 
Ichneumon 
39°'4 (103°) 
, , 
,, 
Squirrel .... 
38°-9 (102°) 
,, 
,, 
Manatee .... 
39°-4 (103°) 
Abdomen 
Martine. 7 
Whale .... 
38°-8 (101 o, 8) 
' 
, 
Greenland whale 
38°-9 (102°) 
? ? 
Scoresby. 8 
Seal .... 
38°-9 (102°) 
Tiedemaun. 9 
Porpoise 
37°-5 ( 99 3 -5) 
,, 
,, 
Pigeon .... 
42°-2 (108°) 
Rectum 
Davy. 
Thrush .... 
42° -8 (109°) 
j» 
,, 
Turkey .... 
42°-8 (109°) 
,, 
,, 
Guinea-fowl . 
43°'3 (110°) 
J; 
,, 
Pheasant 
42°-6 (108°7) 
Richet. 10 
Great titmouse 
44°-0 (lll°-2) 
Tiedemaun. 
Sparrow .... 
42°-l (107°-8) 
,, 
Davy. 
Swift .... 
44°-0 (lll°-2) 
» 7 
Tiedemann. 
Heron .... 
41°-0 (105°-8) 
Prevost and Dumas 
11 
Redwing 
43°-3 (109°-9) 
,, 
Hobday. 
Fieldfare 
43 -7 (110°-6) 
3 > 
j » 
Yellowhammer 
43°-2 (109°-8) 
The above tables show that the rectal temperature of most of 
the mammals is higher than that of man ; the most marked ex- 
ception is found in the monotremata, the lowest group of the mam- 
malia: thus the temperature of the porcupine echidna (Echidna hystrix) 
varies from 25°"5 to 34" - 2, that of the duckbilled platypus (Ornitho- 
1 "Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 186. 
2 Joum. Comp. Path, and Therap., Edin. and London, 1896, vol. ix. p. 286. 
3 Arch, de biol., Gand, 1887, tome vii. p. 265. 
4 For the temperature of other animals, see Gavarret's " De la chaleur produite par les 
etres vivants," Paris, 1855, p. 92 ; Richet, Rev. sclent., Paris, 1884, tome viii. p. 298. 
5 "Works," Palmer's edition, vol. iii. p. 340. 
6 "Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. pp. 181, 188. 
7 "Essays, Medical and Philosophical," 1740, p. 337. 
8 Milne Edwards, " Lecons," tome viii. p. 16. 
9 "Physiologie," Bd. i. S. 454. 
10 Rev. sclent., Paris, 1885, tome ix. p. 202. 
11 Ann. de chlm. ctphys., Paris, Ser. 2, tome xxiii. p. 61. 
