Il'.MPERATURE OF COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS. 
793 
was raised to 21°"1 within fifteen minutes. On another occasion, when the 
external temperature was i 4, that of the hive full of active bees was 38°*9. 
The temperatures of individual nurse bees, brooding over the young bees in 
the combs, was as high as 29 - 4, while the temperature of the cell after the bee 
left it was 24^ and that of the aii 22°. 
Similar results have been obtained by Reaumur, 1 Huber, 2 Dutroehet, 3 
Nobili and Melloni, 4 and others. 
In marked distinction to bees are other insects, such as some wasps and 
flies, which can pass the winter in a .state of torpor, their temperature varying 
with that of their surroundings. 
The difference between the temperature of the animal and that of its 
surroundings varies in different classes of the cokbblooded animals. The 
following are results obtained by different observers : — 
Animal. 
Temperature of 
Animal. 
Temperature 
of Surroundings. 
Observer. 
\ iper . 
20 J (68°) 5 
14° -4 
Hunter. 6 
Python . 
24°'4 (76=) 
15°-6 
Sclater. 7 
Turtle . 
28°-9 (84°) 5 
26°-4 
Davy. 8 
,, . . . 
27 3, 8 (82°) 
28°-9 
Czermacli.'' 1 
Frog 
17 -2(63°) 5 
16°7 
Davy. 8 
j , 
14 3 -4 (58°) 5 
14°-4 
,, 
,, 
8°-9 (48°) 
6°-7 
Czemiach. 9 
Proteus . 
l7°-8 (64 c ) 
13°'3 
>3 
Carp . 
20°-6 (69°) 
18°-6 
Hunter. 6 
1 Trout . 
14°-4 (58 ; ) 
18° *3 
Davy. 8 
j ;, ■ 
5 '-6 (42°) 
4° -4 
,, 
Flying fish . 
25°-6 (78°) 
25°-3 
»> 
Shark . 
25 (77°) 
23° 7 
j j 
Bonito . 
37 J -2 (99°) 
26° -9 
j * 
Crayfish 
26^1 (79°) 
26° -7 
Crab . _ . 
22° "2 (72=) 
22°-2 
) » 
Snail (Indian) 
24°-6 (76° -25) 
24°-6 
,, 
Earthworms . 
14--7 (58°'5) 
13° '3 
Hunter. 6 
Black Slugs . 
13° (55°'25) 
12°-2 
j ? 
Leeches 
13°-9 (57°) 
13° -3 
Scarabreus 
25° (77°) 
24°-4 
Davy. 8 
Glow-worm . 
23 : -3 (74°) 
22°-8 
JJ 
1 Locust . 
22 -2 (72° -5) 
16° '7 
Papillio Agamem- 
27° (80 D -5; 
25°-6 
) ) 
non 
Scorpion 
25°-3 (77 c '5) 
26°-l 
3) 
The results of observations on the temperature of other cold-blooded animals 
will be found recorded in the works of Tiedemann, 10 Rudolphi, 11 Newport, 12 
Valentin, 13 Dutrochet, 14 Milne Edwards, 15 and Gavarret. 16 
1 "Me^ni. pour servira l'histoire des insectes," Mem. 13, tome iv. 
2 "Nov. obser. stir les abeilles," tome ii. p. 336. 
3 Ann. d. sc. not., Paris, 1840, "Zoologie," Ser. 2, tome xiii. p. 5. 
4 Ann. d. chim. et irttys., Paris, Ser. 2, tome xlviii. p. 207. 5 Rectal. 
6 "Works." Palmer's edition, London, 1837, vol. iv. p. 131 et seq. 
7 Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1862, p. 365. 
8 " Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 189 ; ibid., p. 219. 
9 Journ. de phys., Paris, 1821. lu " Physiologie," Bd. i. S. 454. 
11 " Grundriss der Physiol.," Bd. i. S. 151 et seq. 
12 Phil. Trans., London, 1837, pt. 2, p. 259. 
13 He-pert. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1839, Bd. iv. S. 359. 
14 Ann. d. sc. nat., Paris, 1840, "Zoologie," Ser. 2, tome xiii. p. 5. 
15 " Lecons stir la physiol.," tome viii. p. 7. 
16 Article "Chaleur animale," " Dictionnaire ency eloped ique d. sciences medicales," 
Paris, 1874, S^r. 1, tome xv. ; " De chaleur produite par les etres vivants, " Paris, 1855, 
p. 113. 
