8io 
ANIMAL HEAT. 
355 hours' hunger the rectal temperature fell from 39 o> 08 to 38°4; after 
369 hours, to 38°1 ; after 393, to 35°'5 ; after 415 hours, to 33'-7 ; and 
again, after 426 hours, to 32°4, when the animal died. 
Rectal Temperature. 
Daily Variation. 
.Midday. Midnight. 
Normal pigeons .... 
42°-22 
41°-48 
0°-74 
Complete inanition, first period 
42°-l 
39°-8 
2° -3 
,, ,, second ,, 
41°-9 
38°-7 
3°-2 
,, ,, third ,, 
41°'4 
37°-3 
4°-l 
In the case of the fasting man Tanner, 1 no fall in temperature was 
observed after thirty days' fast; the temperature of his mouth was 
36°-9 (98°4) on the twenty-fifth day, and 37°'l (98"-8) on the thirtieth 
day. It is uncertain whether the fast was perfectly genuine, for Tanner 
took a certain amount of liquid. Noyes' 2 recorded a temperature of 
34° - 4 (94°) in the case of a partly demented man, who had taken no food 
for forty-five days, but it is to be noted that the condition was compli- 
cated by paralysis of the lower limbs. 
The influence of sleep.— The heat of the body falls during the night 
and early morning, the time of inactivity and rest, but, according to 
Barensprung 3 and "Wunderlich, 4 sleep in itself has no influence on the 
temperature. Crombie, 5 on the other hand, found that sleep during the 
day caused a fall in temperature of about half a degree, but was 
rapidly followed by a rise after awaking. Hunter 6 found that during 
sleep the temperature fell about eight-tenths of a degree. The observa- 
tions of Jiirgensen and Liebermeister 7 show that the temperature of a 
man asleep is not lower than his temperature at a similar time of day 
when he is awake and lying still. Inactivity causes a fall in temperature, 
and sleep is a condition in which inactivity is most marked. Lieber- 
meister 8 found that, by contracting the habit of sleeping each afternoon 
for ten days, the mean temperature of his axilla fell to about 36° - 5, 
whereas it had previously been for that time of day 3 7° "3. Observations 
by U. Mosso 9 also show that sleep during the daytime causes a fall in 
'the rectal temperature of man. 
The influence of sex. — Very little difference in temperature can 
be observed in the two sexes. 30 Women may have a slightly higher 
temperature, but the difference does not exceed half a degree ; their 
temperature, however, appears to be more liable to variations. Davy u 
1 Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1880, vol. ii. p. 171. 2 Ibid., p. 557. 
3 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, u. ivissensch. Med., 1851, S. 163. 
4 "Medical Thermometry," p. 109. 
5 Loc. tit. , p. 585. 
6 Phil. Trans., London, 1778, vol. lxviii. pt. 1, p. 20; "Works," Palmer's edition, 
London, 1837, vol. iv. p. 144. 
7 Liebermeister, " Handbueh d. Path. n. Therap. des Fiebers," 1875, S. 87. 
8 Ibid., S. 92. 
9 Arch. ital. de biol., Turin, 1887, tome viii. p. 177. See also this article, p. 802. 
10 Wunderlich, " Medical Thermometry." 
11 Med. Times and Gaz., London, 1861, vol. ii. p. 337. 
