INFLUENCE OF RACE. 
811 
concluded that the temperature of women and female animals was lower 
than that of the male, but Ins observations were made upon only three 
or four individuals. Thus he states that the temperature of three 
healthy men varied between 37°'2 and 37 '•">, that of three women 
between 3G' - 5 and 36 0- 7 ; in the case of three cocks and three hens the 
results were 42 =, 4 and 42° - l respectively. Barensprung x found no 
marked difference, the average temperature of eighteen women heing 
37°'25. As the result of seventy or eighty observations, Siedamgrotzky 2 
gives the temperature of stallions, mares, and geldings as 37°"8, 38° - 2, 
and 38°'05 respectively ; the average temperature of a large number of 
ducks was found by Martins 3 to be 41 0- 96 for the male, and 42 0- 27 for 
the female. Singleton i determined the rectal temperature of fifty dogs 
and of fifty bitches ; the average for the former was 38 "9, for the latter 
38°*7. The observations were made at similar times of the day, but 
upon animals of different breeds. 
The influence of race — The natives of tropical countries appear to 
have a temperature slightly higher than that observed in the inhabitants 
of mild or cold climates, but the difference is to be ascribed mainly to 
the climate. Davy, 5 from observations made upon natives in the 
Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, and Ceylon, found the temperature 
to be about o- 6 higher than the average in temperate climates ; 
Crombie 6 made fifty-two observations on Hindus, Mohammedans, and 
East Indians in Bengal, and found that the average temperature from 
10 a.m. to 10 p.m. was between 37 0- 2 and 37°"8, that from 10 p.m. to 
10 a.m. between 36° - 7 and 37°"2. Both of these observers also found 
that the temperature of Europeans living in the same district was about 
half a degree higher than the average in England. Jousset 7 made 
numerous observations on natives and Europeans living in tropical 
climates, and came to the conclusion that the axillary temperature is 
generally 0°'7 to o- 8 higher than that obser\ ed in temperate climates. 
The following figures show that climate, and not race, is the important 
factor : — 
Natives of Tropics. 
Europeans. 
Hindus 
Cochin-Chinese . 
Chinese 
Negroes of Senegal 
,, Congo 
,, Antilles 
37 3 '85 
37°-60 
37 3 -85 
37 D 70 
37°-80 
37° -80 
Officials at Chandernagore 
Sailors at Senegal 
,, Antilles 
Soldiers at ,, . 
38 c -16 
37°-75 
37°"70 
37°-75 
Similar results to the above were obtained by Maurel. 8 
The temperature of natives in South Africa was found by Livingstone 9 
to be 36°'7, when the temperature of the air in the shade was 42°"2, 
1 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, u. icisscnsch. Med.. 1851, S. 155. 
- Deutsche Ztschr. f. Thiermed., Leipzig, 1875, Bd. i. S. 87. 
3 Ellenberger, " Yergleichende Physiol, der Haussaugethiere," 1S92, Bd. ii. Th. 2, 
S. 85. 
4 See p. 790. 
5 "Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 169. 
6 Indian Ann. Med. S'c, Calcutta, 1873, vol. xvi. p. 591. 
7 Arch, de mid. nav., Paris, 1883, tome xl. pp. 123, 426. 
8 Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Paris, 1884, tome vii. p. 380. 
a "Travels and Researches in South Africa," 1857, p. 509. 
