8i2 ANIMAL HEAT. 
but liia own temperature was 37°*8, owing probably to the difference in 
clothes. Thomson 1 found the mean temperature of natives in Iceland 
to be 37°"27, and Eijkman 2 states that the average temperature of 
Europeans living in Batavia is 37°'02, that of the Malays 36° - 93. 
The influence of menstruation and pregnancy. 3 — Normal men- 
struation and pregnancy in healthy women have no marked influence 
upon the general temperature of the body. During labour the temper- 
ature rises somewhat during the pains, but falls again between the pains. 
Immediately after delivery a slight fall in temperature occurs. 
Individual peculiarities in temperature. — Observations on men, 
and especially on animals, show that the mean temperature of different 
individuals is not the same, even when the conditions are as far as 
possible equal. 4 The mean temperature in the axilla of different men 
may vary from 36 0, 5 (97°'7) to 37°'25 (99 o, 05). In animals even 
greater differences are found. 5 
The influence of the temperature of the surroundings. — The 
temperature of man and other warm-blooded animals is only slightly 
influenced by the temperature of their surroundings. This fact is well 
shown by the records of the temperature of men and animals in the 
tropics and Arctic regions, where the extremes of the temperature of 
the air occur, in the former +59°C, in the latter — 55°C. During a 
voyage from England to Ceylon, Davy made observations upon the 
temperatures of seven healthy men under 30 years of age ; he found 
that the average temperature under the tongue was about 36° - 9 (98 0- 4) 
when the temperature of the air was 15°-6 (60°), and :'>7 :'.2 (99 0> 2) 
when the air was 26° -4 (79°-5). From these and other observations, 7 
he concluded that the temperature of man increases in passing 
from a temperate into a warm climate, and that the inhabitants of 
warm climates have a slightly higher temperature than those of 
mild climates. Keynaud and Blosville s found the mean temperature 
of eight men to be 37° "58 (100°), when under the torrid zone, 
the temperature of the air varying from 26° to 30° (79°-86°), and 
37°'ll (99°) in the temperate zone, with an external temperature 
varying from 12° to 17° (53°-62°). The average temperature of the 
mouth was found by Rattray 9 to be 37°"25 (99°) in the tropics, with an 
external temperature of 25°, as compared with 3(j°"8 (98°'3), the average 
temperature in England during the summer heat (18°). 
These and further < ibservations, made by Brown-Sequard and others, 10 
1 "TJeber Kranklieiten und Krankheitsverhaltnis.se auf Island," Schleswig, 1855, S. 24. 
2 J'irchow's Archiv, 1895, Bd. cxl. S. 125. 
3 Numerous references on this subject will be found in Wunderlich's "Medical Ther- 
mometry," New. Syd. Soe. Translation, p. 105. See also Barensprung, Arch. f. Anat., 
Physiol., u. wissensch. Med., 1851, S. 157 ; Probyn Williams and Lennard Cutler, Lancet, 
London, 1895, vol. i. p. 932 ; Giles, Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1894, vol. ii. p. 70. As 
regards animals, see Hobday, Veterinary Sec, London, 1896, vol. viii. p. 488. 
4 This article, p. 789. 
5 This article,' p. 790. 
6 "Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 161. 
7 Phil. Trans., London, 1850, p. 437. 
8 "Animal Heat," article by Edwards in Todd's " Cyclopaedia, " vol. ii. p. 659. 
9 Proc. Roy. Sue. London, 1870, vol. xviii. p. 526. 
10 Brown-Sequard, Journ. de laphysiol. de Vhomme, Paris, 1859, tome ii. p. 152 ; Gress- 
well, Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1884, vol. ii. p. 164 ; Mantegazza, Presse mid. beige, 
Bruxelles, 1863, tome xv. p. Ill ; Maurel, Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Paris, 1884, tome vii. 
p. 371 ; Jousset, Arch, de mid. nav., Paris, 1883, tome xl. p. 124 ; Pinkerton, Journ. 
Anat. and Physiol., London, 1881, vol. xv. p. US; Edoux and Souleyet, Oompt. rend. 
Acad. d. se., Paris, 183S tome vi. p. 456. 
