8i8 
ANIMAL BEAT. 
Gaymard 1 and Gavarret 2 show that toads and iishes may be frozen 
perfectly stiff and yet revive when gradually thawed ; according to the 
former observer, the freezing must be gradual, otherwise the animals are 
killed. During Franklin's 3 explorations in the Arctic regions, it was 
observed that fish frozen completely hard recovered when they were 
thawed ; a carp, which had been frozen for thirty-six hours, was able 
after it was thawed to leap about with much vigour. 
The influence of baths.— A warm or cold bath has a greater effect 
upon the temperature of the body than exposure to air at the same 
temperature, for the power of conduction of water is greater than that 
of air. The first important experiments upon this subject were made 
by Currie in 1797.* He found that the immediate effect of a cold bath 
might be a slight rise in the temperature of the mouth, but the per- 
manent effect was a fall. The following are some of his results : — 
Temperature of 
Bath. 
Duration of 
Bath. 
Temperature before 
the Bath. 
Temperature after 
the Bath. 
Sea water 6 =, 7 
12 minutes 
36° -7 
34 ; -0 
,, 5°"7 
30 ,, 
36°'3 
34 D> 3 
Fresh -water 4° '3 
34 .., 
36"7 
33° -7 
The temperature was taken in the mouth, and therefore the depres- 
sion was greater than it would have been in the rectum. 
Fleury 5 found the temperature in the mouth sink to 34°, 32°'9, and 
even to 29° during a cold bath; Virchow^ observed a fall to 34°; 
Speck" found that the immediate effect of a shower bath at 22° was 
to raise the temperature of the mouth, but after ten minutes' exposure 
the temperature fell l° - 23. 
Numerous observations have been made by Liebermeister, 8 who 
selected the temperature of the closed axilla as representing more 
exactly the temperature of the body. He concludes that the immediate 
effect of a cold bath is to slightly raise the temperature, and that a bath 
of moderate cold and duration does not lower the temperature below 
the normal, for an increase in the heat production compensates for the 
increased loss. Liebermeister, as Currie had previously done, used the 
bath as a water calorimeter, and calculated that in a bath of from 20° 
to 30° the heat production was three or four times greater than the 
normal. Jurgensen 9 confirmed many of these results; he found that 
the rectal temperature of men did not fall more than 1°, often less, after 
remaining twenty-five minutes in a cold bath at 11° to 9°. Eecently 
Lefevre 10 has given excellent proofs of the power of regulation of 
1 Biblioth. univ., Geneve, 1840, tome xxvi. p. 207. 
2 " De la chaleur produite par les etres vivants," Paris, 1855, p. 502. 
3 Franklin, "Journey to the Polar Sea." 1819-1S22, 2nd edition, vol. ii. p. 17. 
4 "Medical Reports on the Effect of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fever and 
other Diseases." 
s Progres mcd., Paris, 1858, p. 337. 6 Virchow's Archiv, 1858, Bd. xv. S. 70. 
7 Arch. d. Ver. f. gemcinsch. Arb. z. Ford. J. wissensch. HciUc. Gijttingen, 1861, Bd. 
v. S. 422. 
8 Arch. f. Anat. Physiol, u. wissensch. Mcd., Leipzig, 1860, S. 520, 589; " Handbucli 
d. Path. u. Therap. des Fiebers," 1875, S. 102. 
Deutsehes Arch. f. klin. Mcd., Leipzig, 1867, Bd. iii. S. 165 ; Bd. iv. S. 110, 323. 
10 Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1895, p. 559 ; 1896, pp. 492, 564. 
