822 ANIMAL HEAT. 
recovered in a day or two. In other cases, with temperatures 28°4, 
27°, and 26 = 4, death followed in about twenty-four hours. In a 
case observed by Nicolaysen 1 the rectal temperature was 24 =, 7, but 
the drunkard, who had been exposed for a whole night to air 6° 
below zero, completely recovered; the temperature of the vagina and 
axilla was 27°'9 in a woman who had had a similar experience, but 
within six hours the temperature rose to 36 "3 under treatment, and the 
patient completely recovered. 2 In four cases of insanity, Lowenhardt 3 
has observed temperatures as low as 25°, 29 ••">, 23°'75, and 28 : in one 
case the range of temperature for several weeks was from 25' to 35°. 
The patients were about 60 years of age ; they often ran about naked 
in cold weather, and were frequently bathed on account of their dirty 
habits, and although they were fairly active they did not take much 
food. The observations were taken sometimes in the axilla, sometimes 
in the rectum. 
Weiland i has recorded two cases of adults with temperatures 
reduced to 28°-4 and 26 '6 from exposure to cold : the observations were 
taken in the rectum several hours before death ; in a third case, that of 
a drunkard who had been exposed to cold, the rectal temperature was 
30 o, 4, and recovery took place. The rectal temperature of a man suffer- 
ing from bronchi-ectasis was found by Liebermeister 5 to be 32°6, and 
that of a child live days old, suffering from sclerema and icterus, 
32 0, lo ; the readings were taken a day or two before death, and several 
thermometers were used and tested. Kohler 6 observed a temperature 
of 28 0, 2 in the rectum of a drunkard, and found that, notwithstanding 
treatment, it remained low until shortly before the man's death a month 
later; two cases, with rectal temperatures 26°-8 and 26 0, 7, were observed 
by Quincke: 7 the subnormal temperature was due to exposure to cold, 
but both of the patients recovered. Numerous records of subnormal 
temperatures will be found in papers by Janssen, 7 Lemcke, 8 and Glaser. 9 
In the case of non-hibernating mammals an artificial cooling of the 
body to 18° is in a few hours followed by death, unless artificial respira- 
tion and heat be applied. Rabbits cooled to 18 3 are perfectly helpless 
and paralysed ; the heart-beat is feeble, 16 to 20 per minute ; the respira- 
tion is either exceedingly slow or rapid and shallow : the nerves and 
muscles long remain irritable, and during operative procedures there is 
very little bleeding, owing to the low blood pressure. 10 
It was shown by Edwards u that newly-born pups and kittens would 
live for two or three days with their temperature reduced as low as 17° 
or 20°, and that the application of artificial warmth would restore the 
young animals, if this low temperature had not persisted too long. 
Adult animals, however, when cooled to 18° or 20°, generally died, even 
I Jahrzsb. it. d. Leistung. . . . d. ges. Med., Berlin, 1S75, Bd. i. S. 283. 
3 Peter, Gcr.. held, de wM., Paris, 1872, p. 499. 
3 Allg. Ztschr. f. Psychiat., etc, Berlin, 1868, Bd. xxv. S. 685. 
4 Schrift. d. Univ. zu Kiel, 1869, Bd. xvi. 
5 "Handbueh d. Path. u. Therap. des Fiebers," 1875, S. 69. 
6 Schrift. d. Unit-, zu Kiel, 1873, Bd. xx. 
7 Quoted from Janssen, Deutsches Arch. f. klin. Med., Leipzig. 1894, Bd. liii- S. 249. 
8 Ibid., 1883-84, Bd. xxxiv. S. 90. 
9 "Ueber Vorkommen und Ursaclien abnorm niedriger Kiirperteiuperatur,"' Diss., 
Bern, 1878. 
lu Waltker, J'irchow's Archiv, 1862, Bd. xxv. S. 414; ibidi, 1865, S. 25: Horvath, 
Verhandl. d. phys.-med. Gesellsch. in Wurzburg, 1881, Bd. xv. S. 187 ; Tscheschiehin, 
Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, n. wissensch. Med. 1S66, S. 151. 
II "Del'innuence des agens physiques sur la vie,*' 1824, p. 237. 
