BODILY TEMPERATURE COMPATIBLE WITH LIFE. 823 
when artificial warmth was applied. Similar results were obtained in 
the case of recently batched and old birds. 
Hibernating mammals have been observed during winter with 
temperatures as low as 2°, and during summer they may be cooled by 
artificial means to 1 "2 . in these cases the animals are able to again raise 
their temperature without any external aid (Walther, Horvath, and 
others). 
The eggs of silk-worms and of other insects may be exposed for a 
long time to temperatures 20 to 30° below zero, and yet will develop 
into larvae when removed to warm surroundings. 1 The Arctic ex- 
plorer Eoss exposed caterpillars to a temperature of -42°, and found 
that they recovered when slowly thawed. Colasanti 2 observed that 
hens' eggs could be exposed for two hours to a temperature of -4°, and 
for half an hour to a temperature of -7° to -10 Q , and yet developed 
normally when placed in an incubator. 
As already pointed out on p. 817, in the lower vertebrates the tem- 
perature of the body may sink to zero and yet recovery take place. 
Hunter 3 placed an eel in a freezing mixture, until the temperature of 
its stomach fell to — ,- 6, when the animal appeared to be dead, but 
by the next day it had recovered ; a similar result was observed in a 
frog. Frozen leeches, however, were dead when thawed. 
As regards the limit of high temperatures compatible with human 
life, there are numerous records of cases of hyperpyrexia. The highest 
observed by Wunderlich 4 was 44° "75 (112°-55 F.) in a case of tetanus; 
one hour after death the temperature was 45° - 37. Currie 5 found a 
temperature of 44 0- 45, Woodman 6 one of 464 in fatal cases of scarlet 
fever ; Baumler 7 records a case of sunstroke in a healthy man, the 
temperature in the axilla was 42° -9, there was deep coma, and death 
took place in eight hours ; in a similar case observed by Casey 8 the 
temperature in the axilla was 43°4, and death occurred within three 
hours. Levick 9 gives cases of sunstroke in which the temperature was 
42° - 8, and the patients recovered. Fatal cases with temperatures 43°, 
42°"5, and 44° are recorded by Simon, 10 two cases of tetanus with 
temperatures 44 0- 4 and 41° - 6 before death by Lehmann, 11 and others 
with 43°-4, 43°-6, 42°'75, 43°4, 43°-4, 44°-3, and 43° by Quincke. 12 
On the other hand, Donkin l3 gives cases of temperatures as high as 
44° - 2, 45°, and 44 0- 5, in wdrich recovery took place ; the high temperature, 
however, appears to have persisted for a very short time. In two cases 
of rheumatic hyperpyrexia recorded by Arkle 14 the temperature was 
43 0, 55 (110 o- 4 F.), but the patients recovered. 
1 Reaumur, "Mem. sur les insectes," tomes ii. and v. ; Spallanzani, "Opusc. de phys. 
anim.," tome i. pp. 82-85; Bonafous, " Biblioth. unit., Geneve, 1838, tome xvii. p. 200; 
Ross, ibid., 1836, tome iii. p. 423 ; Pictet, Arch. d. sc. phys. e.t not., Geneve, 1893 (3), 
tome xxx. p. 293. 
- Areh.f. Anat., Physiol, u. wissensch. Med., 1875, S. 477. 
3 " Works," Palmer's edition, London, 1837, vol. iv. p. 131 et seq. 
4 "Medical Thermometry," p. 204. 5 "Medical Reports, etc." 
6 Med. Mirror, London, 1865, p. 77. 
7 Med. Times and Gaz., London, 1868, vol. ii. p. 118. 
8 Ibid., 1866, vol. ii. p. 26. 
9 Peiin. Hosp. Hep., Philadelphia, 1868, vol. i. p. 369. 
10 Charite-Ann., Berlin, 1865, Bd. xiii. Heft 2, S. 1. 
11 Schmidt's Jahrb., Leipzig, 1868, Bd. exxxix. S. 241. 
12 Berl. kiln. JFchnschr., 1869, S. 301. 
13 Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1879, vol. ii. p. 983. 
u Trans. Clin. Soc. London, 1888, vol. xxi. p. 187. 
