830 ANIMAL HEAT. 
of the apparatus required, the necessity of graduation, and the time 
taken in observation. Bayliss and Hill 1 found that the wire-resistance 
thermometer 2 could not be employed for the investigation of changes 
of temperature in a warm-blooded animal : the slightest movements, as 
those of artificial respiration, in the curarised animal producing deflec- 
tions of the galvanometer. A fiat mercurial thermometer, on the other 
hand, is easily applied, and furnishes comparative data of considerable 
value. 3 
Some of the earliest experiments with mercurial thermometers were 
made by J. Davy, who obtained the following results, when the 
temperature of the room was 21° : — 
Sole of the foot . 
32-2 
Middle of the rectus femoris 
32' 
•78 
Between internal malleolus 
Groin .... 
35° 
•84 
and tendo Achillis . 
33° -89 
One inch below navel . 
35° 
•00 
Middle of tibia . 
33°-06 
Left sixth rib over heart 
34 = 
•44 
Middle of calf . 
33°-89 
Right sixth rib . 
33° 
•89 
Bend of the knee 
35-00 
Axilla (closed) 
36° 
•67 
Middle of the thigh . 
34°-44 
Kunkel * itsed a thermo-electric method, which was exact to about 
O'T, and obtained the following results for the temperature of different 
parts of the skin of a healthy muscular man, 35 years of age, 179 cm. 
in height, and 84 kilos, in weight. The temperature of the room 
was 20' : — 
Forehead 
34 J -l-34 3 -4 
Arm .... 
34°-3 
Over malar bone . 
. 34°-l 
Sternum 
34°-4 
Cheek under malar bone 
. 34°-4 
Over pectoralis major . 
34°-7 
Lobe of ear . 
. 28°-8 
Over heart . 
34°-6 
Back of hand 
32 = 5-33°-2 
Right iliac fossa . 
34°-4 
Palm of hand (closed 
for 
some 
Left „ 
34 D -6 
time) 
34 : -8-35 3 -l 
Back, over sacrum 
34'-2 
Palm of hand (open) 
34-4-34°-8 
,, over ribs . 
34°-5 
Wrist . 
. 33 3 -l 
Buttock 
32°-0 
Forearm 
. 33°-7 
Thigh. 
34-2 
,, upper part 
. 34-0 
Calf .... 
33°-6 
Experiments were also made upon the effect of exposure to cold. 
Thus, after the man lightly clothed had taken a walk for half an hour 
in a cold, sharp, north-east wind (—5°). the following temperatures were 
observed — face, 27°'7-28' - 7 : back of hand, 24"' "7 ; chest and abdomen, 
32°T ; arm, 30"7-31 - l ; but after he had remained for forty minutes in 
a room at 15°, the face had a temperature of 34° - 6, the back of the hand 
31 0- 2, and the abdomen 33°-9. 
Working the muscles of one arm raised the temperature of the skin 
1 Journ. Physio!., Cambridge and London, 1S94, vol. xvi. p. 352. 
2 Rolleston, ibid., 1S90. vol. xi. p. 208. 
3 Davy, Phil. Trans., London, 1814, vol. civ. p. 590; " Researches," London, 1S39, 
vol. i. p. 150; Alvarenga, "Precis de thermometrie clinique generale," 1871, p. 45; 
Waller, " Proc. Physiol. Soc," Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1894, vol. xv. ; 
Hale White, Croonian Lectures, Lancet, London, June 19th, 1897, Brit. Med. Journ., 
London, 1S97, vol. i. p. 1654 ; Pembrey, " Proc. Physiol. Soc," Journ. Physiol., Cam- 
bridge and London, 1897, vol. xxi. 
■^Ztsehr.f. Biol., Miinchen, 1889, Bd. xxv. S. 55. 
3 This low reading Kunkel attributes to the loss of heat by conduction when the man 
was sitting down. 
