8 3 8 
ANIMAL HEAT. 
(b) Calculation, according to Frankland's principle, from the heat of 
combustion of food substances — 
= 599,760 calories. 
120 grins, proteid 
90 
fat . 
330 
>) 
carbohydrate 
41 
grms. 
urea . 
Total heat production 
= 816,210 „ 
-1,081,410 
2,497,380 
= 83,066 
= 2,414,314 calories. 
In the consideration of the calculations by Vierordt it is necessary 
to remember that Dulong's principle only leads to approximate results, 
and that the values for the heat of combustion employed in the calcula- 
tion according to Frankland's principle have been superseded by 
more recent and exact determinations. For this reason the following 
calculation is given : — 
120 grms. proteid x 4000 . . . = 480,000 
90 „ fat x9423 . . . = 848,070 
330 „ carbohydrate x 4182 . . . =1,380,060 
Heat produced by an adult man in twenty-four hours =2,708,130 calories. 
The calculations of other observers give the following values : — 
Calories for an 
adult man in 24 - 
hours . 
1 
2,732,000 
2,706,076 
1,800,000 
3,210,000 
3,646,007 
3,780,000 
2,843,000 
( Minimum of \ 
^ nourishment J 
/Mixed diet — \ 
^ Ordinary -work / 
/Liberal diet — \ 
\_ Hard work 1 
/Liberal diet — \ 
\ Very hard work J 
Helmholtz. 1 
Ludwig. 2 
Danilewsky. 3 
Rubner. 
Scharling, from direct calorimetric observation, found that an adult 
man at rest gave 132,000 calories in an hour, 3,168,000 in twenty-four 
hours ; and Hirn obtained the following results, 140,000 to 170,000 
calories per hour, 3,360,000 to 4,080,000 calories in twenty-four hours. 
The Specific Heat of the Body. 
The first determinations of the specific heat of animal and 
vegetable tissues appear to have been made by Crawford. 4 The 
1 Encyclop. Wbrterb. d. med. Wissensch., 1S46, Bd. xxxv. S. 523. 
- " Lehrbuch der Physiol.," S. 747. 
3 Arch.f. d. gcs. Physio!., Bonn, 18S3, Bd. xxx. S. 175. 
4 "On Animal Heat," 1788, 2nd edition, p. 139. Determinations were also made by 
Kirwan and Dalton. 
