858 ANIMAL HEAT. 
and C. J. B. Williams. 1 The results on some points confirmed, on others 
contradicted, Brodie's conclusions. Wilson Philip found that artificial 
respiration caused a fall in the temperature of intact animals, and that a 
slow ventilation prevented the temperature of the brainless animal 
from falling as quickly as that of a dead animal. Hastings obtained 
similar results, and Williams confirmed the observations of Wilson 
Philip, that the temperature of a brainless animal might even be slightly 
raised by artificial respiration. Legallois carried out a very complete 
series of experiments upon the subject, and came to the following con- 
clusions : that a brainless animal upon which artificial respiration was 
performed suffered a reduction of temperature, but it was from one to 
three degrees less than in a dead animal : that in cooling through a 
certain number of degrees it parted with more heat than a dead animal : 
that inflation of the lungs of normal animals 1< > wered their temperature, 2 
and if the ventilation were continued for a lung time they might die of 
cold ; and, finally, that a fall in temperature might be produced by any 
condition which constrained or impeded the respiration. 
Tscheschichin 3 found that section of the spinal cord between the 
third and fourth cervical vertebra? caused the temperature of a rabbit to 
fall from 38 0- 9 to 32°\L. This he attributed to the increased loss of heat 
from the paralysed cutaneous vessels, and to diminished production of 
heat ; the higher the section, the more extensive the paralysis of the blood 
vessels, and the greater the loss of heat ; stimulation of the peripheral 
end of the cord caused contraction of the blood vessels, and the loss of 
heat was less. 
In rabbits, section of the spinal cord at the commencement of the 
dorsal region caused the rectal temperature to fall from 40° to 24° in 
five hours (Bernard). 4 In guinea-pigs, section of the upper dorsal region 
produced a progressive fall in the rectal temperature from 38° - 9 to 16° 
in twenty-four hours, when the animal died (Pochoy)/' 
Fischer 6 found a rise of o, 5 to l° - 7 in the temperature of dogs and 
rabbits after complete section of the cervical portion of the spinal cord, 
but no rise when the operation was performed in the dorsal or lumbar 
regions. He concluded that an inhibitory centre for heat existed in 
the cervical region of the cord. A series of experiments were made by 
Xaunyn and Quincke 7 upon the effect of crushing the spinal cord. 
They selected dugs of large size, and with thick fur, in order to diminish 
the importance of the loss of heat. They found that, after the cord was 
crushed at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, the rectal tempera- 
ture fell, unless the excessive loss of heat due to vasomotor paralysis was 
prevented by a fairly high external temperature ; if the air was warm, the 
temperature rose two or three degrees, and even higher after death. 
These observers concluded that there were nerve fibres which, passing 
from the brain to the spinal cord, inhibited the production of heat s ; and 
that, after section, the production as well as the loss of heat were 
1 " Observations on the Changes produced in the Blood in the course of its Circulation," 
London, 1835. 
2 See also Fawcett and Hale White, Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1897, 
vol. xxi. p. 435. 
3 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, to. icisse?isch. Med., 1866, S. 151. 
4 "Lecons sur la chaleur animale," 1876, p. 161. 
5 These, Paris, 1870. 
6 Centralbl. f. d. mcd. JJ'issensch., Berlin, 1869, No. 17. 
7 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol. %. wissensch. Med., 1869, S. 174, 521. 
8 See also Ott and Oollmar, Joum. Nerv. and Mcnt. Dis., N.Y., 1887, p. 428. 
