FORMA TION OF GL YCO GEN. 9 1 9 
of starved rabbits two to four hours after a meal containing carbohydrates, and 
disappears after five to eight hours' hard muscular work (dog). It is formed 
in the muscles of a frog which has been deprived of its liver; 1 and may be 
increased in muscular tissue by perfusing blood, to which grape-sugar has been 
added, through the vessels of the muscle. 2 
The formation of glycogen from other than carbohydrate material. 
— That glycogen can be formed in the entire absence of carbohydrate 
material from the food, is shown by the fact that animals which have 
been for a long time fed on lean meat, deprived as much as possible of 
carbohydrate, are found to have even considerable amounts of glycogen 
in their liver and muscles. Indeed, if an animal be allowed to fast 
for some days, and to perform also severe muscular work, — circum- 
stances under which practically the whole of the glycogen can be made 
to disappear both from the liver and muscles,— on now administering 
proteicl 3 or gelatin 4 food, altogether free from carbohydrates, glycogen 
will reappear both in the liver and in the muscles. Even without the 
administration of food, by the employment of narcotic drugs, such as 
chloral, which tend to diminish or arrest muscular activity, glycogen 
will reappear ; 5 in this case it must be formed from the proteids of the 
body. The administration of fat without proteid does not cause such 
reappearance, nor does the addition of fat to the food, even in consider- 
able excess, increase the amount of glycogen in the liver. 6 Arsenic 
poisoning causes a diminution in the glycogen both of the liver and of 
the muscles ; probably by impairing the vitality of their bioplasm. On the 
other hand, the administration of glycerin promotes the storage of gly- 
cogen in the liver ; 7 it acts, however, apparently rather by preventing the 
removal of the glycogen, than by becoming itself converted into that 
substance, or than by its becoming itself oxidized and thus acting as a 
glycogen sparer (Ransom). Thus it is found that with glycerin adminis- 
tration the sugar puncture is not able to produce glycosuria. 
The administration of ammonium carbonate was also found by Rohmann 8 
to promote the accumulation of glycogen in the liver, and this property is 
shared by many ammonium compounds, 9 but how they may act has not as yet 
1 Kiilz, Arch. f. d. cjes. Physiol., Bonn, 1SS1, Bd. xxiv. S. 64. This volume contains 
several other papers by Kiilz on the conditions of formation of glycogen. 
- Kiilz, Ztschr. f. Biol., Munchen, 1891, Bd. xxvii. S. 237 : there was, however, 
only an increase in three out of eleven experiments. 
3 Xaunvn, Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol., Leipzig, 1875, Bd. iii. S. 94 : v. 
Mering, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1876, Bd. xiv. S. 281 ; Kiilz, Funfzigj. Boct.- 
Jubclf. d. . . . Carl Lud wig, Marburg, 1890. 
4 Salomon, Virchow's Archiv, 1874, Bd. lxi. S. 352 ; Luchsinger, Inaug. Diss., Zurich, 
1875 : v. Mering, loc. cit. 
5 Zuntz u. Vogelius (Arch. f. Physiol, Leipzig, 1893, S. 378, Verhandl. d. -physiol. 
Gesellsch. zu Berlin) obtained a reappearance of glycogen on administering chloral to 
starved and strychnised rabbits. 
6 Chauveau'has come to the conclusion that carbohydrate may be formed from fat in 
the animal body [Compt. rend. Acad. d. sc, Paris, 1887, tome exxii. p. 1098), and Seegen, 
" Die Zuckerbildung," also holds this view, but the evidence in its favour appears to be very 
insufficient. 
7 Weiss, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ahad. d. Wissmsch., Wien, 1873, Bd. lxvii. S. 13 ; Eckhard, 
loc. cit. ; Luchsinger, Inaug. Diss., Zurich, 1875 ; W. Ransom, Joum. Physiol., Cambridge 
and London, 1887, vol. viii. p. 99 ; Schenck, Arch. f. d. gcs. Physiol., Bonn, 1894, Bd. 
lvii. S. 569. 
8 Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1886, Bd. xxxix. S. 21. Cf. also Kiilz [Funfzigj. 
Doct.-Jubclf. d. . . . Carl Luchvig, Marburg, 1890), who found that urea as well as 
ammonia salts increased the glycogen of the liver. 
9 Xebelthau, Ztschr. f. Biol., Munchen, 1892, Bd. xxviii. S. 138. 
