NOTES AND ABS1RACTS. 
201 
The larvae are so well protected within the buds that no spray will touch them, and 
the only method of combating it is that used in Europe for over 100 years, viz. 
the pruning and destruction of infested buds and twigs. — V. G. J. 
Planting Fruit Trees. By the Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering 
(Woburn, 15th Rep. 1916, pp. 20-66). — In their Ninth Report the writers describe 
how trees planted in ways contrary to all accepted practice gave as good results 
as those carefully planted, and in some cases better. This Report gives the 
results of further observation on abnormally planted trees, and describes experi- 
ments supporting their explanation of the results. Efforts were made to ascertain 
the distribution of new rootlets formed after transplanting (pp. 20-34). In the 
case of apples it was found that less than half of the rootlets originated within 
the last half-inch of the old roots (which had been trimmed before planting), 
whereas with currants and gooseberries more than half originated from this 
half-inch. The stoutness of the roots originating from the stems was found to 
be on an average 20 per cent, greater than that of roots forming elsewhere. 
Trimming the roots before planting is regarded as altogether unimportant (p. 32). 
Observations made in the case of over a thousand trees in a great diversity of 
soils proved that the results of ramming the soil on planting are beneficial, the 
greatest benefit being on heavy soil, except in the case of some trees on a London 
clay, where the results were harmful (p. 36). Experiments were undertaken 
to ascertain whether apple trees in a heavy soil suffered less from canker if they 
were planted higher than usual. Varieties specially liable to this disease were 
planted with their roots flush with the surface of the ground, and they suffered 
less than other trees of the same varieties planted in the ordinary way, but the 
difference was not very great (pp. 42-7). As regards cutting back on trans- 
planting, the authors still strongly favour the practice, though they admit that 
the bad effect of delaying the cutting, from a fruiting standpoint, may be partially 
counterbalanced, as far as the growth of the trees is concerned, by the extra 
growth which follows cutting back when this is finally performed. — A. P. 
Plum* Late Museatelle.' By U. P. Hedrick {U.S. A . Exp. Stn., Geneva, Bull. 403). 
— A German variety which has proved valuable at the Geneva station, being 
esteemed one of the best of late Plums. As a dessert fruit its very free stone 
is a recommendation. — E. A. Bd. 
Plums derived from Native American Species. By W. F. Wight (U.S.A. 
Dep. Agr., Bull. 172, 44 pp.). — A list of Plums of American origin, giving probable 
parentage and origin. Prunus americana is responsible for the majority cited, 
but none of these equal those of the old world. The native species were fully 
described in a previous bulletin. — E. A. Bd. 
Plums, Varietal Resistance to Brown Rot. By W. D. Valleau {Jour. Agr. Res. 
v. pp. 365-396, Nov. 1915 ; pi.). — The brown rot in question is caused by the 
fungus Sclerotinia cinerea. The ascospore stage is apparently only produced 
after the sclerotium in the mummy fruit has been buried in the ground for two 
years ; the mummies may have hung for one year. Infection, which occurs 
through stomata and lenticels, may occur at any stage of fruit development, 
but varieties differ much in the structure of these organs, and plugs and cork 
layers produced beneath or in them materially affect the ease of infection. 
Varieties also show differences in resistance to rot after infection, those which 
remain firm on ripening being resistant to brown rot. The varieties experi- 
mented with are little known in England, and the paper should be consulted on 
this and other points. — F. J. C. 
Poisoning Trees with Arsenic and Soda. (Queensland Agr. Jour. May 191 5, 
p. 225.) — -Trees may be killed by ring barking when in full growth and applying 
to the ringed portion a solution made of 2 lb. arsenic and 1 lb. soda to 2 gallons 
of water. Keep all animals away from utensils containing same, and no animals 
should be allowed access to portions of the paddock dealt with in this way for 
some weeks afterwards. — C. H. H, 
Poplar and Willow Borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn ), Experiments in the 
Control 0! the. By Robert Matheson (Jour. Econ. Entom. viii. Dec. 1915, pp. 
522-525). — Carbolineum emulsion applied to the trunks from the ground level 
up to the growth, during the period the grub of the borer hibernates below the 
surface of the outer bark, was found to be an effective control. 
The emulsion was prepared as follows : 1 lb. sodium carbonate, 1 quart hot 
water, 1 quart carbolineum avenarius. The sodium carbonate was dissolved in 
hot water and the carbolineum then added, stirring vigorously. — G. W. G. 
