278 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
which the water flows from the moraine after passing the whole 
length through it. On the left of this winding path are sunken beds 
largely composed of moraine material, which are mainly devoted to 
Gentiana verna and G. acaulis ; but besides these I have a collection 
of some of our rarest Chickweeds and Arenarias, which thrive splen- 
didly in the small limestone, of which the Gentiana verna bed is 
largely composed. Among these I may mention Cerastium Edmond- 
stonii, found only on Unst, the most northern island of the Shet- 
lands ; and Arenaria norvegica, from the same island. 
Viola arenaria, a plant that probably few of you have seen, is 
there too. It grows only on the top of Widdy Bank Fell, in Tees- 
dale, where it was discovered by the late James Backhouse many 
years ago. It is our rarest British violet, and is remarkable for 
having a downy capsule. The plant attains finer proportions in my 
moraine than it does where I found it in Teesdale, where it is 
only found on what is geologically known as sugar-limestone, so 
named because it is of the consistence of loaf-sugar, and can be 
readily crushed by the ringers. Saxijraga decipiens, at the edge of 
the moraine, sows itself in the moraine material. 
In making the moraine we first constructed a succession of cement 
tanks, the side walls of which go uphill, the tanks being full at the 
front, and only half full at the back. A small square brick building 
in the lower corner of each tank has a valve, which is closed in the 
summer, but left open in the winter. By this means the water can 
be entirely drained from underneath, the plants being kept sufficiently 
moist by the rain which falls and soaks through the moraine material 
during the winter months. 
The next thing to do was to build stepping-stones in the moraine, 
so as to be able to walk about it for planting purposes. The stones 
being of different thickness, they were all brought to approximately 
the same level by the different heights of the brick piers supporting 
them. 
The moraine was then filled up with the proper material between 
the stepping-stones. The natural rock as it lay in the hill, after having 
had all the super-soil removed, lies to the right of the moraine, and is 
utilized for growing a considerable collection of Sempervivums and 
Saxifrages, which are thriving exceedingly well and spreading. The 
upper edge of this mass of rock is immediately above the ravine, 
which leads to the chasm. Draba imbricata grows in a little crevice 
with overhanging rock above, and there is a little ledge close by 
with Hutchinsia alpina growing on it, and another close by with our 
native H. petraea upon it. 
We now leave the moraine, and return to the entrance to the 
ravine. In the bottom left-hand corner a clump of Mesembryan- 
themum edule will be seen, Primula Juliae, Commelina, and close by 
Euphorbia Myrsinites, a very attractive plant, of compact habit and 
very glaucous, which has proved quite hardy for three or four seasons. 
At the foot of the rocks in the next bend is a good clump of 
