PARADISE APPLE STOCKS. 
3^ 
each collection were planted out by themselves with the object of 
forming them into " cordons," and of so obtaining early fruiting. 
The fruiting characters, it was thought, would afford an additional 
aid to classification and a possible clue to origin. The other nine stocks 
of each collection were planted out in rows 6 feet apart and 4 feet 
in the rows, a distance which guarded against any possibility of 
mixture. The idea was to form these stocks into permanent " stools " 
from which to raise a sufficient quantity of the various types for 
further experiment. The German collections arrived a year later, 
but were treated in the same way. 
V. Preliminary Winter Examination. Early Conclusions. 
The stocks planted out during the winter of 1912 were not " headed 
back " in the following spring, but were allowed to establish them- 
selves first, so that they might eventually furnish the stronger stools. 
The result was that but little young wood was made during the 
growing season of 1913, nevertheless a preliminary summer and 
winter examination in 1913 established several important facts : 
(1) That though in the majority of cases all the stocks sent from 
one source under a specific name were similar, a large minority were 
not. Many groups of nine stocks purporting to be similar contained 
two or more quite distinct types. 
Table I. — Summary of Names in Commercial Use 
for Paradise Stocks. 
Name. 
Number 
of Times 
Used. 
Number of Times 
Rightly Used. 
Broad-leaved English Paradise 
21 
3 
Broad-leaved English Ameliorate . 
1 
English Paradise .... 
5 
Often used for Doucin 
Paradise ..... 
6 
Nonsuch Paradise. 
4 
4 
Rivers' Paradise .... 
1 
Presumably same as Nonsuch 
New Paradise .... 
1 
Same as Nonsuch 
Doucin ..... 
5 
4 
Doucin d'Angers .... 
1 
1 
Doucin Improved .... 
1 
1 
French Paradise .... 
3 
2 
Paradis Jaune de Metz 
1 
1 
(2) That though some twelve names in all seemed to be in use in 
the trade, yet the same name was frequently applied to very different 
forms of 'Paradise/ For instance, the most vigorous and the most 
dwarfing types came to us under the same name of ' Broad-leaved 
English Paradise.' Table No. I. gives the actual names used, the 
number of times each was used, and the number of times it was 
rightly used. 
(3) That there were at least eight types of Paradise stock in use 
