370 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
4. Colour refers only to the actual colour of the bud scales, 
which is often nearly obscured by hairiness. 
5. Pose or Angle of Insertion, i.e. the bud's position in regard 
to the stem, whether " adpressed " (closely pressed to it) 
or " patent " (spreading). 
(d) Production of " Fruit-buds " on one-year wood, i.e. those 
buds which are plump and downy and spreading, such as 
one would expect to be blossom-buds. 
(e) Production of " Root-knots " on one-year wood, i.e. the 
incipient adventitious roots which appear singly or in 
clusters on the stems or branches of certain varieties of 
apple known to root freely from layers or cuttings.* 
The general habit of growth, as exhibited in stoutness or " whippi- 
ness," in the tendency to send out drooping laterals or stiff spines 
or " feathers," is a great aid to identification. 
In several types the character of the surface of the current year's 
shoots is very distinctive. Three or four types may be recognized by 
wood colour, and in conjunction with the number and conspicuous- 
ness of the lenticels most types can be easily separated. In one 
case at least the lack of hairiness (pubescence) on the shoot is 
very characteristic. The length of the internode appears to be too 
variable to serve as a guide. 
The buds prove very constant for each variety. Shape, colour, 
contour, and degree of hairiness are perhaps the most important 
characters. A number of buds of each variety have been measured, 
and the relation of length to breadth has been found very regular. 
B. The Characters of the Summer or Growing Season^ 
(a) General habit of growth. 
(b) Wood, and lenticels, as already described for the winter 
classification. 
(c) Leaf Blade {Lamina). 
1. Size, individual and relative. 
2. General shape. The exact meaning of the terms used, i.e. 
ovate, elliptical, lanceolate, and circular, will be found 
defined in any botanical dictionary. J It seemed de- 
sirable to adhere to standard terms and not to attempt 
to find more popular synonyms. 
3. Length. 
4. Breadth. 
5. Base, whether rounded or narrowing, and whether the 
blade of the leaf is exactly symmetrical on both sides of 
the leaf -stalk. 
* Some of these characters are fully described in Table VI., the " Vigour 
Table " (p. 386), instead of in Table III., " Winter Descriptions." 
f This paragraph serves in place of a glossary for the terms used in describing 
the characters of the Growing Season (cf. Table IV. p. 378). 
% For example, A Glossary of Botanical Terms, B, D. Jackson, London, 1906. 
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