PARADISE APPLE STOCKS. 
371 
6. Apex or tip, whether acute, i.e. sharply pointed, or acumi- 
nate, i.e. drawn out to a long gradually diminishing point. 
7. Margin, which is variously " toothed." Serrate when the 
margins are saw-like, biserrate when each tooth is itself 
notched, and crenate when the teeth are rounded. 
8. Surface, whether flat or crinkled, convex or concave. 
9. " Pose " or angle of position, both of leaf-stalk and face of 
leaf in relation to the stem. 
10. Colour of upper and lower surfaces. 
11. Hairiness of upper and lower surfaces. 
(d) Leaf Stalk {Petiole). 
1. Shape, whether furrowed (with a single channel), round, or 
flat. 
2. Length in relation to blade of leaf. 
3. Colour. 
(e) Stipules (small leaf -like growths at the base of leaf stalk). 
Size, margin, and shape. 
Of these summer or leaf characters, some proved very useful for 
purposes of identification. The general shape and apex of the 
leaf, together with its surface and pose, formed the best guides. 
Mere size of leaf is apt to be misleading, but when large, medium, 
and small leaves were collected and measured from each type it was 
found generally that the relative length and breadth were very 
constant.* The length and shape of the leaf-stalk is another fairly 
constant additional guide to identification, and in two instances 
the very long stipules afford an immediate clue. In the Comparative 
Table IV., showing the characters as seen in summer, the chief clues 
to identification have been printed in italics, whilst the minor details 
are in ordinary type. 
VIII. The Collections. Results of Examination. 
The British collections afforded eight distinct Paradise types 
varying very considerably in vigour and habit. They included : — 
The Broad-leaved English Paradise ; the Doucin ; Rivers' Nonsuch 
Paradise ; the Doucin Ameliore or Improved Doucin ; the French 
Paradise, and three other types, the identity and origin of which are 
at present uncertain. 
The British collections, in addition to the eight Paradise types, 
included two very mixed samples, both called Broad-leaved English 
Paradise. One of these samples appeared very like a batch of free 
stocks, and except in one instance they did not send out adventitious 
roots when layered. In this one exception, the stool produced well- 
rooted stocks, but of a type which has occurred nowhere else. The 
history of the other very mixed sample is slightly different. It con- 
tained six stocks of an identifiable Paradise type, one resembling 
* See Table V. p. 382. 
