PARADISE APPLE STOCKS. 
333 
Figures 87 and 88 afford all the details for studying leaves, leaf 
stalk, and stipules. The leaves chosen for these two photographs — 
which show upper and under surface — were average type leaves, so that 
they might give a good idea of the relationship of leaf size in the 
various types. The separation of Paradise types being completed, 
it was possible to observe the followingjietails relating to vigour : 
XIII. Other Observations. 
A. Terms used in the Vigour Table. 
Height. — This refers in the case of the stools to the average height of 
the annual growths from the point of moulding up to the extreme 
terminal bud. 
In the case of the four-year-old cordons, the height of the main 
stem or leader — i.e. four years' annual growths — was taken. 
Stoutness. — In the case of the annual shoots or layers from stools the 
girth was measured about the position where stocks are usually 
budded or grafted after planting (about 10 cm. from ground 
level) . By this method stocks are often graded in the nursery and 
are catalogued as so many millimetre stocks. 
In the case of the four-year-old cordons the girth was measured 
at a uniform distance of 6 cm. from the ground level. 
Toughness of Wood. — This characteristic, being very noticeable in 
severing or breaking the shoots from the parent stool, was recorded 
as possibly being of some utility. 
Feathering takes the two forms of " branching "or " stiff spines." 
A " clean " stock is of course preferable for " working." The word 
" working " signifies budding or grafting upon a stock. 
Layers. — Every annual growth or shoot from the parent stool is here 
referred to as a layer. The words have been used synonymously. 
A layer, strictly speaking, implies a growth " layered " or bent out 
and earthed over (moulded up) for the purpose of encouraging 
adventitious rooting. As all the annual growths on the stools 
were thus treated they are called " layers." 
Season. — There are very notable differences in earliness of bud-breaking 
or starting into growth and of lateness of leaf-fall. This is reflected 
too somewhat in the immaturity or development of the adven- 
titious roots. It is at present impossible to say how far an early 
or late stock would affect the scion worked thereon. 
Blossom on Cordons. — So far there has been very little bloom and no 
set of fruit on the cordons. I have seen the Doucin fruiting at the 
John Innes Horticultural Institute at Merton, and the Jaune 
de Metz at the Royal Nurseries, Maidstone, but so far our speci- 
mens have not fruited. 
Suckers from Roots. — This term is used in distinction from the growths, 
shoots, or layers coming from the old wood of the parent stool. 
These suckers are the growths which originate direct from the 
roots. It is often said that these suckers arise from injury to 
